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Bordetella avium (BA) is one of many pathogens that cause respiratory diseases in turkeys. However, other bacterial species can easily overgrow it during isolation attempts. This makes confirming the diagnosis of BA as the causative agent of turkey coryza more difficult. Currently, there are two PCR assays for the molecular detection of BA. One is conventional gel-based PCR and the other is TaqMan real-time PCR (qPCR) assay. However, multiple pitfalls were detected in both assays regarding their specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency, which limits their utility as diagnostic tools. In this study, we developed and validated two TaqMan qPCR assays and compared their performance to the currently available TaqMan qPCR. The two assays were able to correctly identify all BA isolates and showed negative results against a wide range of different microorganisms. The two assays were found to have high efficiency with a detection limit of approximately 1 × 103 plasmid DNA Copies/mL with high repeatability and reproducibility. In comparison to the currently available TaqMan qPCR assay, the newly developed assays showed significantly higher PCR efficiencies due to superior primers and probes design. The new assays can serve as a reliable tool for the sensitive, specific, and efficient diagnosis of BA.

ABSTRACT Background Bordetella bronchiseptica is an essential bacterial pathogen characterized by chronic respiratory disease in dogs known as Kennel cough. The presence of causative antibodies in animals can also be detected by lipopolysaccharide antigen‐based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In recent years, it has been determined that there is a significant relationship between acute phase proteins and diseases, and disease follow‐up can be done within the framework of this relationship. Methods In this study, blood sera from 150 dogs in an animal shelter in Van province were evaluated for B. bronchiseptica by the homemade ELISA method, and their correlations with serum amyloid A (SAA) were investigated. Blood serum samples were analysed for antibodies against B. bronchiseptica using a homemade ELISA method. Positive animals were also molecularly confirmed using nasal swabs by PCR. A commercial ELISA kit determined SAA levels in blood sera. Results Eighteen (12%) of the analysed blood serum samples were found positive by the homemade ELISA method. SAA concentrations in the positive blood sera were elevated from 12.7 to ≤38.98 mg/L. SAA concentrations in blood sera serologically positive for B. bronchiseptica were statistically significant. Conclusions In this study, in which the relationship between SAA concentration and B. bronchiseptica was investigated for the first time in Turkey, it was concluded that SAA concentration analysis may help diagnose and monitor the disease. In addition, the presence and prevalence of this critical and zoonotic agent causing chronic respiratory tract disease in dogs in Van province was revealed for the first time in this study. A study in Van, Turkey examined Bordetella bronchiseptica in shelter dogs using ELISA and PCR. Overall, 12% of blood samples tested positive. Serum amyloid A (SAA) levels were significantly elevated in positive cases, suggesting SAA could be a useful diagnostic marker for this chronic respiratory disease‐causing bacterial pathogen.

Groups of Beltsville small white turkeys, passively immunized and not passively immunized against Bordetella avium, were challenged with live B. avium at 2 days of age. Birds not passively immunized developed severe bordetellosis with early onset, whereas passively immunized birds developed mild bordetellosis with late onset. Following convalescence, birds with and without exposure to B. avium were vaccinated against fowl cholera with a water-in-oil bacterin. The birds were given a homologous challenge with serotype A: 3 Pasteurella multocida. Although no difference in protection against fowl cholera was seen between vaccinated birds that were previously infected with B. avium and those that were not, survivability was better in birds given two doses rather than 1 dose of bacterin.

A number of distinct respiratory diseases are caused by small Gram‐negative bacteria in commercial poultry. These diseases may have very similar clinical presentations. Many of the etiologic agents of bacterial respiratory diseases are classified as members of the family Pasteurellaceae but have in recent years been redesignated to new genera. This chapter includes four distinct diseases: fowl cholera caused by Pasteurella multocida, Riemerella anatipestifer infection, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection, and bordetellosis. Fowl cholera (avian cholera, avian pasteurellosis, or avian hemorrhagic septicemia) is a contagious disease affecting domesticated and wild birds. It usually appears as a septicemic disease associated with high morbidity and mortality, but chronic or benign conditions often occur. Riemerella anatipestifer infection is a contagious disease of domestic ducks, geese, turkeys, and various other domestic and wild birds. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection is a contagious disease of birds that causes respiratory distress, mortality, and decreased growth.