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"bricks"
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Brick : a social history
Bricks and lime mortars came to this country with the Romans but for most people bricks become popular a little later. After the Great Fire of London, whole buildings had to be built from non-flammable materials and brick buildings came into their own. The Georgian town house became the epitome of urban design; bricks and mortar built the infrastructure of industrial Britain. Mortars had to be created that could set under water for canals and be strong enough to build long railway tunnels, whilst bricks had to be made in huge quantities. They also built the worst slums this country has ever known, contributing to the early deaths of thousands. The love affair with bricks continues today, with exposed brickwork on show in many modern buildings. This is the surprising social history of bricks in Britain.
Book
Multiple categories of bricks used for construction - A Review
Bricks are very essential materials and major contributor in construction industry and it helps to build walls, foundation and road pavements. This paper presents detailed review of various types of bricks used in constructions such as burnt clay bricks, concrete bricks, fly ash clay bricks, sand lime bricks and engineering bricks. This paper also provides valuable information in bricks experimental works such as compressive strength, water absorption, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Future progress and scope in bricks research are also discussed by providing some valuable future recommendation.
Journal Article
Critical review of recent development in fiber reinforced adobe bricks for sustainable construction
This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of research on the utilization of fibers (predominantly derived from waste materials) as reinforcement in adobe brick production. Recycling of these wastes provides sustainable construction materials and helps to protect the environment. Specimen preparation and test procedures are outlined. The effects of addition of these wastes on the physical and mechanical properties of adobe bricks as presented in the literature, are investigated. The main results for each additive are presented and discussed. It is concluded that improved adobe brick properties can be expected with the addition of combination of waste additives. The use of waste materials in the construction industry is generally of interest and useful for engineers and designers seeking sustainable solutions in construction. It is also of interest to researchers actively seeking to develop methodical approaches to quantifying, optimising and testing the performance in use of such waste material additives.
Journal Article
Wide subcategories and brick-finiteness for length categories
We extend to abelian length categories of finite rank a characterisation of brick-finiteness known for finite-dimensional algebras. We prove that such a category is brick-finite if and only if every torsion class is generated by a wide subcategory and every torsionfree class is cogenerated by a wide subcategory. The proof is based on an exchange relation for brick labels across wide intervals which is a shadow of the mutation of simple minded collections. As a corollary,we extend the validity of the first Brick Brauer-Thrall conjecture to this setting.
Paper
Lightweight thermally insulating fired clay bricks enhanced with chitosan-based clay nanocomposites for sustainable construction
This study explores the enhancement of thermal insulation in fired clay bricks through the incorporation of chitosan (CS) as a biopolymeric dopant. A series of composite samples were prepared with CS concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%, and their structural, mechanical, and thermophysical qualities were comprehensively investigated. Analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to assess compositional and morphological changes. The introduction of CS led to increased XRD peak intensity, indicating improved crystalline organization, while FTIR spectra revealed the presence of CS-associated functional groups. SEM micrographs confirmed the development of a more porous microstructure, and TGA data demonstrated enhanced thermal stability. The CS-modified bricks exhibited an increase in porous topography (33.2–47.9%), a reduction in bulk density (i.e., 1.84–1.29 g/cm
3
), and improved compressive strength (from 0.768 to 1.232 MPa). It is noteworthy that the clay@CS (6%) mix encountered a low thermal diffusivity in addition to the lowest thermal conductivity value (i.e., 0.3418–0.2334 W/mk). The findings show that adding more CS to composite bricks significantly improves their thermal insulation qualities (i.e., 0.314–0.213 mm
2
/S). These outcomes underscore the potential of CS as a sustainable additive for improving the performance of clay-based construction materials, offering promising implications for energy-efficient and environmentally conscious building applications.
Journal Article
Kinetics, Isotherms, and Thermodynamic Modeling of the Adsorption of Phosphates from Model Wastewater Using Recycled Brick Waste
Phosphates in wastewater at elevated concentrations cause eutrophication of water bodies and their removal from treated wastewater is essential before effluents are discharged to the environment. Phosphates are predominately removed during wastewater treatment by chemical precipitation which is usually expensive and has a significant environmental footprint. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of waste recycled bricks as adsorbent for phosphate removal during wastewater treatment. The kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics of adsorption were investigated to establish the mechanisms of adsorption. The results showed that adsorption capacities increased with an increase in contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial phosphate concentration. The kinetic study indicated that adsorption was governed by several mechanisms with various processes dominating different stages of the adsorption. The adsorption process was better represented by the pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm adequately described the adsorption of phosphates onto brick particles with a maximum adsorption capacity of 5.35 mg/g. The thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption process was exothermic and proceeded spontaneously, demonstrating that waste bricks can be used as a sustainable alternative for the effective removal of phosphates from wastewater.
Journal Article
Brick dark tea: a review of the manufacture, chemical constituents and bioconversion of the major chemical components during fermentation
Brick dark tea is a unique brick-formed tea compressed from the older, coarse and rough leaves and branches of
Camellia sinensis
var.
sinensis
and
C. sinensis
var.
assamica
mainly in Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan provinces in China. Researches on brick dark tea have become increasingly popular owing to its special health benefits. A series of biochemical reactions occur during the special production—microbial fermentation stage and multitudinous components have been detected. Many of the functional components have been isolated and identified from brick dark tea. In this paper, modern manufacturing techniques about different kinds of brick dark tea and their effects on transformation of the chemical constituents, as well as the chemical components were reviewed and discussed.
Journal Article
On generic bricks over tame algebras
We prove that if \\(\\) is a tame finite-dimensional algebra over an algebraically closed field and \\(G\\) is a generic \\(-\\)module, then \\(G\\) is a generic brick if and only if it determines a one-parameter family of bricks with the same dimension. In particular, we obtain that \\(\\) admits a generic brick if and only if \\(\\) is brick-continuous.
Paper
Recycling of Cigarette Butts in Fired Clay Bricks: A New Laboratory Investigation
Cigarette butts (CBs) are the most commonly littered waste material in the world. It is estimated that over 5.7 trillion cigarettes are consumed worldwide each year. Consequently, millions of tonnes of highly toxic waste are contaminating the environment. CBs are composed of cellulose acetate filters—a polymer with poor biodegradability—and which, depending upon the environmental conditions, can take many years to decompose. In this study, fired clay bricks were manufactured with 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% CBs by mass and tested against control bricks with 0% CBs. The results revealed a decrease in compressive strength from 48.6 MPa for 0% CB content bricks to 30.8 MPa for 1% CB content bricks, and a decrease in dry density with the increase in CB content, from 2114 kg/m3 for the control bricks to 1983 kg/m3 and 1969 kg/m3 for 1% and 2% CB content bricks. The highest value of water absorption appeared for 2% CB content bricks, which reached an absorption rate of 13.1% compared to 9% for the control bricks. The energy required during the firing process was calculated with a saving of up to 10.20%, for bricks incorporating 1% CBs. The thermal conductivity of the samples showed a reduction of 17% from 1.078 to 0.898 W m−1·K−1 with the addition of 1% CBs. In addition, the manufactured bricks were tested for efflorescence, an initial rate of absorption (IRA), microstructural analysis, and shrinkage. A life-cycle assessment (LCA) is recommended to analyze the environmental impacts of bricks incorporating CBs.
Journal Article