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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265612.].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205500.].

Brucellosis is a major public health concern worldwide, especially for persons living in resource-limited settings. Historically, an evidence-based estimate of the global annual incidence of human cases has been elusive. We used international public health data to fill this information gap through application of risk metrics to worldwide and regional at-risk populations. We performed estimations using 3 statistical models (weighted average interpolation, bootstrap resampling, and Bayesian inference) and considered missing information. An evidence-based conservative estimate of the annual global incidence is 2.1 million, significantly higher than was previously assumed. Our models indicate Africa and Asia sustain most of the global risk and cases, although areas within the Americas and Europe remain of concern. This study reveals that disease risk and incidence are higher than previously suggested and lie mainly within resource-limited settings. Clarification of both misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis is required because those factors will amplify case estimates.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of great animal welfare and economic implications worldwide known since ancient times. The emergence of brucellosis in new areas as well as transmission of brucellosis from wild and domestic animals is of great significance in terms of new epidemiological dimensions. Brucellosis poses a major public health threat by the consumption of non-pasteurized milk and milk products produced by unhygienic dairy farms in endemic areas. Regular and meticulous surveillance is essentially required to determine the true picture of brucellosis especially in areas with continuous high prevalence. Additionally, international migration of humans, animals and trade of animal products has created a challenge for disease spread and diagnosis in non-endemic areas. Isolation and identification remain the gold standard test, which requires expertise. The advancement in diagnostic strategies coupled with screening of newly introduced animals is warranted to control the disease. Of note, the diagnostic value of miRNAs for appropriate detection of B. abortus infection has been shown. The most widely used vaccine strains to protect against Brucella infection and related abortions in cattle are strain 19 and RB51. Moreover, it is very important to note that no vaccine, which is highly protective, safe and effective is available either for bovines or human beings. Research results encourage the use of bacteriophage lysates in treatment of bovine brucellosis. One Health approach can aid in control of this disease, both in animals and man.

Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis caused by various Brucella species, affecting both animals and humans. The incidence is particularly high in tropical and subtropical regions that are known for higher tick density. Present study was designed to improve our knowledge regarding Brucella melitensis infection in Pakistani cattle. A total of 903 blood samples were collected. Three cattle breeds, Holstein Friesian ( N  = 298), Sahiwal ( N  = 299), and crossbred ( N  = 306), were enrolled along with epidemiological data during March 2022 till April 2023 from district Multan in Punjab province. A PCR-based approach targeting IS711 estimated an overall prevalence of 4% (39/903). Representative partial IS711 sequences of three Pakistani isolates revealed a single genotype that was similar to Brucella melitensis sequences reported from aborted fetus in China. All cattle breeds were equally susceptible to this infection. For Sahiwal breed, bacterial infection varied between sampling seasons. Epidemiological factor analysis revealed that farms where only cattle were reared and dogs at farm having tick load had higher Brucella melitensis infection rates. Red blood cells, lymphocyte (%), monocyte (%), mean cell volume, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and platelet count were significantly disturbed in Brucella melitensis positive cattle of all three breeds. A longitudinal survey and phylogenetic positioning of Brucella melitensis is recommended for epidemiological correlation, diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis in Pakistan.

To estimate the economic benefit, cost-effectiveness, and distribution of benefit of improving human health in Mongolia through the control of brucellosis by mass vaccination of livestock. Cost-effectiveness and economic benefit for human society and the agricultural sector of mass vaccination against brucellosis was modelled. The intervention consisted of a planned 10-year livestock mass vaccination campaign using Rev-1 livestock vaccine for small ruminants and S19 livestock vaccine for cattle. Cost-effectiveness, expressed as cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted, was the primary outcome. In a scenario of 52% reduction of brucellosis transmission between animals achieved by mass vaccination, a total of 49,027 DALYs could be averted. Estimated intervention costs were US$ 8.3 million, and the overall benefit was US$ 26.6 million. This results in a net present value of US$ 18.3 million and an average benefit-cost ratio for society of 3.2 (2.27-4.37). If the costs of the intervention were shared between the sectors in proportion to the benefit to each, the public health sector would contribute 11%, which gives a cost-effectiveness of US$ 19.1 per DALY averted (95% confidence interval 5.3-486.8). If private economic gain because of improved human health was included, the health sector should contribute 42% to the intervention costs and the cost-effectiveness would decrease to US$ 71.4 per DALY averted. If the costs of vaccination of livestock against brucellosis were allocated to all sectors in proportion to the benefits, the intervention might be profitable and cost effective for the agricultural and health sectors.

Brucellosis remains an underreported zoonotic disease in Ecuador. Its control program in cattle integrates diagnostic testing, vaccination, and eradication incentives, although participation is largely voluntary. Since 2025, vaccination has become compulsory nationwide. Human surveillance remains largely passive, and strain-level data are very limited. This study applied an integrated approach, combining serology (Rose Bengal and SAT-EDTA), microbiological culture, and molecular diagnostics, to assess the presence and diversity of Brucella spp. in cattle and pigs from six slaughterhouses in the northern Andean highlands. A total of 2054 cattle and 1050 pigs from Carchi, Imbabura, and Pichincha were sampled. Among cattle, 133 (6.5%; 95% CI: 5.5–7.6) were seropositive, and viable B. abortus strains were isolated from 17 (12.8%). Genus identification was confirmed by IS711-PCR, while species- and biovar-level differentiation was achieved with AMOS-PCR; additional assays targeting the ery gene and RB51 marker were used to distinguish field from vaccine strains. Biotyping and molecular analysis revealed a predominance of B. abortus biovar 4 (13/17 isolates) over biovar 1, all confirmed as field strains. In pigs, 10 animals (0.95%) tested seropositive, but no isolates were recovered, highlighting limitations of serology in swine. Most livestock, including the positives, originated locally, reinforcing the representativeness of our findings. The successful isolation and molecular characterization of B. abortus demonstrates the value of combining diagnostic strategies beyond serology. These results underscore the utility of active surveillance when supported by traceability systems; this approach may also contribute to guide interventions to reduce infection risk in livestock and humans.

Neurobrucellosis is a severe and rare complication of human brucellosis, particularly in the pediatric population. It manifests with diverse clinical presentations, with meningoencephalitis being the most common. Limited cases have been reported in Saudi Arabia. Here, we present the case of an 11-year-old boy diagnosed with neurobrucellosis who developed diplopia, inward deviation of the left eye, and ophthalmoplegia. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed pleocytosis, elevated protein levels, and high opening pressure. Brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated microabscesses with nodular enhancement, dural thickening in the quadrigeminal cistern, and swelling with edema of the left optic nerve. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a patient with brain microabscesses secondary to Brucella infection in Saudi Arabia. This case highlights the need for heightened awareness of neurobrucellosis as a differential diagnosis in children presenting with unusual neurological symptoms in endemic regions.

The farming of animals is one of the largest industries, with animal food products, milk, and dairy being crucial components of the global economy. However, zoonotic bacterial diseases, including brucellosis, pose significant risks to human health. The goal of this research is to develop a mathematical model to understand the spread of brucellosis in cattle populations, utilizing the Caputo-Fabrizio operator to control the disease’s incidence rate. The existence and uniqueness of the model’s solution are ensured through the Lipschitz conditions, the contraction mapping theorem, and the application of the kernel properties of the Caputo-Fabrizio operator. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the impact of various factors on the disease’s progression. This study performs a realistic stability analysis of both global and local stability at the disease-free and the endemic equilibrium point which give a more accurate understanding of the dynamism and behavior of the system. Stability analysis is performed using Picard stability in Banach spaces, and Lagrange’s interpolation formula is employed to obtain initial approximations for successive fractional orders. The findings of this study demonstrate that fractional orders, along with memory effects, play a crucial role in describing the transmission dynamics of brucellosis. Sensitivity analysis helps identify the parameters most critical to the infection rate, providing essential data for potential control measures. The results highlight the applicability of the Caputo-Fabrizio operator in modeling the transmission of infectious diseases like brucellosis and offer a strong foundation for controlling disease spread within communities.