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The accelerating demand for electric vehicles (EVs) and the necessity to reduce fossil fuel dependence have intensified research on advanced traction motor technologies. This paper presents a comparative analysis of key traction motors including DC Series, Induction, Permanent Magnet Synchronous (PMSM), Switch Reluctance (SRM), and Brushless DC (BLDC) motors. A quantitative evaluation is conducted considering torque density, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Results indicate that PMSMs achieve peak efficiencies of 93-95% with excellent speed control, while induction motors maintain strong cost-performance ratios. SRMs offer durability and fault tolerance but exhibit torque ripple, whereas BLDCs provide compact integration with high dynamic response. These insights serve as guidelines for EV motor selection. Keywords—Traction Motors, Electric Vehicles, Performance Comparison, Efficiency Analysis, Rare-Earth-Free Motors, Cost Optimization.

This paper investigates hall sensor signal unbalancing faults in sensored Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor drives and presents a fault effect minimization scheme for implementation in motor controller without any modification in system architecture, or core commutation method. In the proposed scheme detection, classification, and estimation of fault extent are carried out separately at the start of controller itself for subsequent corrections without involving issue of repetitive error estimation and finding valid reference signal separately for correcting inverter switching mistiming, as required in classical methods. The categorization part of scheme maps the faults with corresponding hall sensors. The proposed scheme is validated in MATLAB/Simulink model. It is tested on experimental test bench of controller and 1 kW BLDC motor of an electric rickshaw, along with another technique based on least square method (LSM) for performance comparison. Results show reduction of peak-to-peak value by 30% and ripple content by 50% in phase currents, and peak-to-peak reduction of 47% with 29% lesser ripple content in DC link current by using the presented scheme. The observed increment in efficiency is 0.8% and 2% in nominal torque/ampere at 30% load. At 100% load, increase of 2.2% efficiency and 9% nominal torque/ampere are observed. The increased memory loading of controller is estimated to be 1.25 times as compared to normal run without any correction scheme. Approximately 24% of this additional loading is utilized for repetitive calculations as compared to 63% in the other LSM based scheme, resulting in lesser run time loading of controller. The transient response with sudden load change shows better response with implementation of the proposed scheme in controller.

This study presents a bridgeless Cuk converter-fed brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive for an air conditioning system. A new approach of speed control of BLDC motor is proposed by controlling the voltage at DC bus using a single voltage sensor. The proposed drive utilises a bridgeless Cuk converter operating in discontinuous inductor current mode (DICM) for the power factor correction (PFC) and improved power quality (PQ) at the AC mains for a wide range of speed control. The bridgeless Cuk converter operating in a DICM gives an inherent PFC and requires a simple voltage follower approach for the voltage control. The bridgeless converter topology is designed for obtaining the low conduction losses and requirement of low size of heat sink for the switches. The proposed system is designed and its performance is simulated for an air conditioning system to operate over a wide range of speed control with near unity power factor at AC mains. Finally, the performance of the proposed drive obtained in simulation is validated with test results on a developed drive for its operation over a wide range of speed control with improved PQ at AC mains.

This study presents a novel three effective vectors (TEV) current control scheme for four-switch three-phase inverter in cost-effective brushless DC motor drive with improved performance. This scheme overcomes the possible distortion of three-phase currents caused by phase C back-EMF, and quasi-square current waveforms are attained by inserting two adjusting vectors in each control period based on the conventional switching modulation scheme. The duty cycles of the two adjusting vectors are further calculated using a simple P controller. Integral variable structure control principle with advantages of high bandwidth and strong robustness against external disturbance is used to control the tracing of reference current by actual currents. The stability of the proposed TEV current control scheme is demonstrated by selecting a candidate Lyapunov function, based on which the range of duty cycles of adjusting vectors are also determined. Experimental results verify that the proposed scheme is simple and can provide small current ripple, with good performance in speed.

Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are highly suitable for usage in high-speed applications like flywheel energy storage. A bidirectional power converter (BDC) interfaces the DC power source to BLDC machine which is coupled to the flywheel. The BDC acts as an energy harvesting converter (EHC) (in voltage boosting mode) during extraction of stored energy from the flywheel. However, usually an optimal energy is not extracted because of limitation on the maximum gain of the EHC and equivalent source resistance (Rs) of the generator. This study presents the effects of generator parameters on EHC and relevant analysis for the extraction of optimum energy stored in the flywheel. Existing literature on a similar system does not consider the effect Rs of the generator on the BDC's performance. If RL is the load resistance, then as the Rs/RL ratio increases, maximum voltage gain and operating duty cycle range decrease. Rs can be reduced by designing machine/chokes using low loss core material like nickel–iron or cobalt–iron. This study also deals with the design and implementation of the controller for EHC taking Rs of the generator into consideration. Studies on the effect of Rs on the converter harvestable energy have been conducted and the experimental results are included.

Owing to the widely used brushless DC motors (BDCMs) in high-efficiency applications, many position sensorless control methods based on voltage source inverters had been developed in the literature. Recently, current source inverters (CSIs) are receiving more and more attention because of their inherent short-circuit protection characteristics. But no position sensorless control for buck-type CSI with square-wave current had been found in the literature. In this study, the buck-type CSI-fed BDCM drive is designed and its application to the square-current position sensorless control is first proposed. The provided simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed CSI-based position sensorless control.

This study deals with the design and development of a power factor (PF) correction-based modified-zeta converter fed brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive. A single-phase supply followed by a diode bridge rectifier and a modified-zeta converter operating in discontinuous inductor current mode (DICM) is used to feed a voltage source inverter (VSI) driving a BLDC motor. The modified-zeta converter operating in DICM acts as an inherent PF pre-regulator. A single-voltage sensor is used for the DC-link voltage control, which is used to control the speed of the BLDC motor. This facilitates the operation of VSI in fundamental frequency switching for reducing the switching losses in VSI. The proposed BLDC motor drive is designed and its performance is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment for achieving an improved power quality at AC mains for wide range of speed control. The obtained power quality indices are under the recommended limits of international power quality standard IEC 61000-3-2. Finally, the performance of the proposed drive is validated with test results obtained on a developed prototype of the proposed BLDC motor drive.

In conventional control methods of brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives, back-electromotive force (EMF) is assumed to be in ideal form and the controller injects rectangular phase current commands to produce the desired constant torque. However, real back-EMF waveform might not be exactly trapezoidal because of non-ideality of magnetic material, design considerations and manufacturing limitations. This makes the generated electromagnetic torque contain ripples in its waveform which is not desirable in motor operation performance especially, in sensitive industries. Moreover, commutation states affect the quality of generated torque by producing torque pulsations because of changes of conducting phases. In this study a control strategy for a four-phase BLDC motor with non-ideal back-EMF to reduce electromagnetic torque ripples is presented. Basis of the proposed method is to inject phase currents considering back-EMF instantaneous magnitude. For this purpose, an on-line back-EMF estimation technique is used to inject appropriate phase currents to compensate non-ideality of back-EMF waveform. Moreover, the estimated back-EMF is also used for commutation torque ripple reduction. The experimental results indicate performance of the proposed control strategy in torque pulsations reduction compared with conventional control method.

Brushless motors are used in many applications owing to their advantages. In most of the applications, conventional control methods with a hysteresis band (HB) controller are used. An improved speed and current control scheme for brushless DC motors with a trapezoidal shape back EMF is presented. Instead of the conventional HB and proportional-integral (PI) controllers, a fuzzy logic controller that is independent of motor equations and based on expert knowledge has been employed for current and also for speed regulation; thereby, the disadvantages of the HB are eliminated and the overall performance of the controller is enhanced. Experimental studies have been carried out with a TMS320F2812 digital signal processor. The presented control scheme has been validated through comparative experiments with the fuzzy logic speed and HB current controller. The results show that the proposed control scheme operates satisfactorily and provides a constant switching frequency.

In an interview, Zhong Wu and Haotun Lyu from Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in China talked about their new starting strategy for brushless DC motors. They said that Brushless DC motors (BLDCM) are also known as electronically commutated motors which have trapezoidal back electromotive force and are fed with rectangular stator currents. To realise high-performance control of BLDCMs, the rotor position sensors are often mounted in the motors to obtain the information of rotor position and velocity. The starting failure of BLDCMs often arose in our experiments, until they have found an interesting relationship in which the waveform of the fi ltered terminal voltages were affected by commutation angles.