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A newly introduced peach clonal rootstock, ‘Rubira’, when multiplied through mound layering, the daughter stool shoots attain excessive diameter making it difficult to perform grafting in the next season. To overcome this problem, the present study aimed to conduct budding on daughter stool shoots of ‘Rubira’ peach rootstock produced through mound layering during the summer or rainy season of the same year, further accounting for production of saleable plants within 1 year. The experiment consisted of 15 treatment combinations of budding methods (chip, shield and patch) and timing of budding (22nd May, 6th June, 21st June, 6th July, and 21st July). The results revealed that chip and shield budding performed on 22nd May and 6th June had maximum bud take success (100.00%). The chip budding performed on 22nd May resulted in significantly higher scion height (139.42 cm), scion diameter (12.68 mm), fresh weight of shoots (127.33 g), root–shoot biomass (82.41 g dry weight) and saleable plants (99.96%). Moreover, chip budding performed on May 22nd demonstrated the highest levels of leaf carbohydrate (6.65%), total sugars (1.76%) and leaf nitrogen (3.82%). The bud-take success was significantly positively correlated with saleable plant, scion height, scion diameter, number of internodes, fresh weight of root, root–shoot biomass, leaf carbohydrate and leaf nitrogen, whereas significantly negatively correlated with fresh weight of shoot. The chip budding performed during the last week of May to the first week of June was found to be the best method and time for production of quality nursery plants of peach in stool beds of ‘Rubira’ rootstock under mound layering within 1 year.

Two important traits of Chinese cabbage, internode length and budding time, destroy the maintenance of rosette leaves in the vegetative growth stage and affect flowering in the reproductive growth stage. Internodes have received much attention and research in rice due to their effect on lodging resistance, but they are rarely studied in Chinese cabbage. In Chinese cabbage, internode elongation affects not only the maintenance of rosette leaves but also bolting and yield. Budding is also an important characteristic of Chinese cabbage entering reproductive growth. Although many studies have reported on flowering and bolting, studies on bud emergence and the timing of budding are scarce. In this study, the mutant lcc induced by EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulfonate) was used to study internode elongation in the seedling stage and late budding in the budding stage. By comparing the gene expression patterns of mutant lcc and wild-type A03, 2280 differentially expressed genes were identified in the seedling stage, 714 differentially expressed genes were identified in the early budding stage, and 1052 differentially expressed genes were identified in the budding stage. Here, the transcript expression patterns of genes in the plant hormone signaling and clock rhythm pathways were investigated in relation to the regulation of internode elongation and budding in Chinese cabbage. In addition, an F2 population was constructed with the mutants lcc and R500. A high-density genetic map with 1602 marker loci was created, and QTLs for internode length and budding time were identified. Specifically, five QTLs for internode length and five QTLs for budding time were obtained. According to transcriptome data analysis, the internode length candidate gene BraA02g005840.3C (PIN8) and budding time candidate genes BraA02g003870.3C (HY5-1) and BraA02g005190.3C (CHS-1) were identified. These findings provide insight into the regulation of internode length and budding time in Chinese cabbage.

North-East India is known for its high quality Khasi mandarin production. Multiplication of healthy and, true to the type of quality planting material is a necessity to strengthen the orchards and to boost its cultivation in the region. Different rootstocks viz., Rough lemon, Rangpur lime, Khasi mandarin, Volkamer lemon and Pummelo and different methods of budding (‘T’-budding and modified chip budding) were used for Khasi mandarin in February, March and April. Considering the method of budding, time and rootstocks the maximum bud take (93.33%), budding success (93.33%), sprout length (11.30 cm), sprout girth (2.14 mm), dry weight of sprout (2.95 g), number of leaves (7.97), Chlorophyll ‘a’ (0.34 mg/g), ‘b’ (0.50 mg/g) and total chlorophyll (0.86 mg/g) were recorded when modified chip budding was done on Rough lemon in February. Minimum days required to sprout (32.00) and maximum root diameter (8.23 mm) were observed on Khasi mandarin with modified chip budding done in February. Leaf perimeter (18.7 cm), root length (32.37 cm), fresh (22.13 g) and dry weight (16.22 g) of roots were maximum in Volkamer lemon with ‘T’-budding done during February. Thus, the study concluded that modified chip budding is the best method of budding to perform during February in Khasi mandarin using Rough lemon as rootstock with respect to bud take, budding success and growth of sprout.

Bryozoans (also known as ectoprocts or moss animals) are aquatic, dominantly sessile, filter-feeding lophophorates that construct an organic or calcareous modular colonial (clonal) exoskeleton 1 – 3 . The presence of six major orders of bryozoans with advanced polymorphisms in lower Ordovician rocks strongly suggests a Cambrian origin for the largest and most diverse lophophorate phylum 2 , 4 – 8 . However, a lack of convincing bryozoan fossils from the Cambrian period has hampered resolution of the true origins and character assembly of the earliest members of the group. Here we interpret the millimetric, erect, bilaminate, secondarily phosphatized fossil Protomelission gatehousei 9 from the early Cambrian of Australia and South China as a potential stem-group bryozoan. The monomorphic zooid capsules, modular construction, organic composition and simple linear budding growth geometry represent a mixture of organic Gymnolaemata and biomineralized Stenolaemata character traits, with phylogenetic analyses identifying P. gatehousei as a stem-group bryozoan. This aligns the origin of phylum Bryozoa with all other skeletonized phyla in Cambrian Age 3, pushing back its first occurrence by approximately 35 million years. It also reconciles the fossil record with molecular clock estimations of an early Cambrian origination and subsequent Ordovician radiation of Bryozoa following the acquisition of a carbonate skeleton 10 – 13 . Interpretation of the early Cambrian fossil Protomelission gatehousei 9 as a potential stem-group bryozoan realigns the fossil record with molecular clock estimations of the origins of Bryozoa.

Distributions of ultraviolet-induced budding delays in diploid yeast cells are presented for several ultraviolet doses. The results are fitted by a model which equates the budding delay to time required for repair of radiation-produced defects which inhibit budding. Photoreactivation and dark holding experiments suggest that the defects are pyrimidine dimers in the cell's DNA.

Major pathology guidelines often mandate stating the histologic grade as a component of the pathology report for various types of cancer. However, the prognostic value of histologic grade in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is controversial at best, and there is a need for more reliable prognostic histologic factors to better stratify and manage patients with HNSCC. In this study, we compared three relevant histopathologic features (histologic grade, worst pattern of invasion (WPOI), and tumor budding) in a large single-center retrospective cohort of early oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) with tumor greatest dimension ≤ 4 cm. Only histologic grade predicted distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) on univariate analysis. Tumor budding was associated with nodal metastasis, overall survival (OS), regional recurrence-free survival (RRFS), and DMFS and was a significant predictor for nodal metastasis on the multivariable logistic regression model. WPOI 5 was associated with high frequency of nodal metastasis and shortened OS and was an independent adverse prognostic factor for OS on multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model. WPOI and tumor budding were prognostically more relevant than histologic grade. Consideration should be given to include WPOI and tumor budding in the pathology reporting of OTSCC.

Changes in the structure of tissue occur in many disease processes, such as the boundaries of cancerous tumors and burn injuries. Spectroscopic and polarimetric alterations of terahertz light caused by Mie scattering patterns have the potential to be a diagnostic marker. We present an analysis of Monte Carlo simulation of Mie scattering of polarized terahertz light from cancerous tumor budding, compare the simulation with experimental results obtained in phantom models, and present an analysis of a polarization-sensitive terahertz scan of an porcine burn injury. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we modeled the changes in diffuse intensity and degree of polarization of broadband off-specular terahertz light due to scattering particles in highly attenuating tissue. We extracted the Mueller matrix of the tissue using this model and analyzed the Lu-Chipman product decomposition matrices. We compared this model with experimental data from four phantoms consisting of polypropylene particles of varying sizes embedded in gelatin. Finally, we induced a full-thickness burn injury in porcine skin samples and compared experimental data captured over burned and healthy regions of the tissue. Simulation revealed contrast in the Stokes vectors and Mueller Matrix elements for varying scattering particle sizes. Experimental phantom results showed contrast between different sizes of scattering particles in degree of polarization and diffuse intensity in agreement with Monte Carlo simulation results. Finally, we demonstrated a similar diffused imaging signal contrast between burned and healthy regions of porcine skin. Polarimetric terahertz imaging has the potential to detect structural changes due to biological disease processes.

An electrodynamic levitation thermal-gradient diffusion chamber was used to grow 268 individual, small ice particles (initial radii of 8–26 μ m) from the vapor, at temperatures ranging from −65° to −40°C, and supersaturations up to liquid saturation. Growth limited by attachment kinetics was frequently measured at low supersaturation, as shown in prior work. At high supersaturation, enhanced growth was measured, likely due to the development of branches and hollowed facets. The effects of branching and hollowing on particle growth are often treated with an effective density ρ eff . We fit the measured time series with two different models to estimate size-dependent ρ eff values: the first model decreases ρ eff to an asymptotic deposition density ρ dep , and the second models ρ eff by a power law with exponent P . Both methods produce similar results, though the fits with ρ dep typically have lower relative errors. The fit results do not correspond well with models of isometric or planar single-crystalline growth. While single-crystalline columnar crystals correspond to some of the highest growth rates, a newly constructed geometric model of budding rosette crystals produces the best match with the growth data. The relative frequency of occurrence of ρ dep and P values show a clear dependence on ice supersaturation normalized to liquid saturation. We use these relative frequencies of ρ dep and P to derive two supersaturation-dependent mass–size relationships suitable for cloud modeling applications.

The genome of metazoan cells is organized into topologically associating domains (TADs) that have similar histone modifications, transcription level, and DNA replication timing. Although similar structures appear to be conserved in fission yeast, computational modeling and analysis of high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data have been used to argue that the small, highly constrained budding yeast chromosomes could not have these structures. In contrast, hereinwe analyze Hi-C data for budding yeast and identify 200-kb scale TADs, whose boundaries are enriched for transcriptional activity. Furthermore, these boundaries separate regions of similarly timed replication origins connecting the long-known effect of genomic context on replication timing to genome architecture. To investigate the molecular basis of TAD formation, we performed Hi-C experiments on cells depleted for the Forkhead transcription factors, Fkh1 and Fkh2, previously associated with replication timing. Forkhead factors do not regulate TAD formation, but do promote longer-range genomic interactions and control interactions between origins near the centromere. Thus, our work defines spatial organization within the budding yeast nucleus, demonstrates the conserved role of genome architecture in regulating DNA replication, and identifies a molecular mechanism specifically regulating interactions between pericentric origins.

Cells must couple cell-cycle progress to their growth rate to restrict the spread of cell sizes present throughout a population. Linear, rather than exponential, accumulation of Whi5, was proposed to provide this coordination by causing a higher Whi5 concentration in cells born at a smaller size. We tested this model using the inducible GAL1 promoter to make the Whi5 concentration independent of cell size. At an expression level that equalizes the mean cell size with that of wild-type cells, the size distributions of cells with galactose-induced Whi5 expression and wild-type cells are indistinguishable. Fluorescence microscopy confirms that the endogenous and GAL1 promoters produce different relationships between Whi5 concentration and cell volume without diminishing size control in the G1 phase. We also expressed Cln3 from the GAL1 promoter, finding that the spread in cell sizes for an asynchronous population is unaffected by this perturbation. Our findings indicate that size control in budding yeast does not fundamentally originate from the linear accumulation of Whi5, contradicting a previous claim and demonstrating the need for further models of cell-cycle regulation to explain how cell size controls passage through Start.