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The bull shark
\"Engaging images accompany information about the bull shark. The combination of high-interest subject matter and narrative text is intended for students in grades 3 through 7\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Clinical‐Scale Derivation of Natural Killer Cells From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cancer Therapy
This study used a two‐stage culture system to efficiently produce natural killer (NK) cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the absence of cell sorting and without need for xenogeneic stromal cells. Although different hESC and iPSC lines had varying efficiencies in hematopoietic development, all cell lines tested could produce functional NK cells. This improved method to develop NK cells from human pluripotent stem cells provides a system for clinical‐scale expansion of antitumor lymphocytes and a genetically amenable platform to study human NK cell development. Adoptive transfer of antitumor lymphocytes has gained intense interest in the field of cancer therapeutics over the past two decades. Human natural killer (NK) cells are a promising source of lymphocytes for anticancer immunotherapy. NK cells are part of the innate immune system and exhibit potent antitumor activity without need for human leukocyte antigen matching and without prior antigen exposure. Moreover, the derivation of NK cells from pluripotent stem cells could provide an unlimited source of lymphocytes for off‐the‐shelf therapy. To date, most studies on hematopoietic cell development from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have used incompletely defined conditions and been on a limited scale. Here, we have used a two‐stage culture system to efficiently produce NK cells from hESCs and iPSCs in the absence of cell sorting and without need for xenogeneic stromal cells. This novel combination of embryoid body formation using defined conditions and membrane‐bound interleukin 21‐expressing artificial antigen‐presenting cells allows production of mature and functional NK cells from several different hESC and iPSC lines. Although different hESC and iPSC lines had varying efficiencies in hematopoietic development, all cell lines tested could produce functional NK cells. These methods can be used to generate enough cytotoxic NK cells to treat a single patient from fewer than 250,000 input hESCs/iPSCs. Additionally, this strategy provides a genetically amenable platform to study normal NK cell development and education in vitro.
Journal Article
Bull shark
With information suited to the abilities and interests of its primary-grade audience, this fact-filled book gives readers a chance to learn about the lives of these underwater hunters. The book will also help readers develop their powers of observation and challenge them with activities and critical-thinking questions about the shark's physical characteristics, its everyday life, and its hunting abilities.
Book
Semen quality and frozen semen production in Pasundan bulls: A molecular weight perspective on seminal plasma and spermatozoa protein
Objective: To determine the correlation between the molecular weight (MW) of proteins in seminal plasma and spermatozoa and the quality of fresh and frozen semen production in Pasundan bulls. Materials and methods: Nine selected Pasundan bulls, aged 5–10 years, from the Regional Artificial Insemination Center at Ciamis, West Java, Indonesia, were used in the study, with fresh semen sperm motility ≥70% and <70%. We analyzed the motility, viability, integrity of the intact plasma membrane (IPM), and the morphological characteristics of spermatozoa. 1D-SDS-PAGE analysis was performed to determine the protein profile by assessing MW, depicted as bands on the gel. Results: The motility, viability, and IPM of spermatozoa had lower values (p < 0.05) in Pasundan bulls named Bagaskara and Kertarajasa compared to the other bulls. Proteins with MW 35–50 kDa were not detected in the seminal plasma of Pasundan bulls, exhibiting low quality in fresh semen. The correlation analysis showed that the non-detected proteins with MW 35–50 kDa in seminal plasma correlated with spermatozoa motility (r = 0.421), viability (r = 0.424), and IPM (r = 0.428) so that fresh semen quality was low in both Pasundan bulls. Analysis of semen volume, spermatozoa concentration, and spermatozoa motility showed that the average frozen semen production of Pasundan bulls per ejaculate was 128.73 ± 15.35 straws. Conclusion: Protein analysis based on MW is a predictive indicator for the quality of fresh semen and the production of frozen semen in Pasundan bulls. Evaluation parameters of fresh semen quality by MW analysis can be used to select Pasundan bulls in Indonesia.
Journal Article
Bull sharks
Introduces readers to facts about bull sharks, including physical features, habitat, life cycle, food, and more.
Book
Integration and Regression of Implanted Engineered Human Vascular Networks During Deep Wound Healing
This study assessed the functionality and durability of engineered human vasculatures from endothelial progenitors when implanted in a mouse deep burn‐wound model. Human vascular networks, derived from endothelial colony‐forming cells in hyaluronic acid hydrogels, were transplanted into third‐degree burns. Collectively, the findings suggest that human vasculature engineered from endothelial colony‐forming cells can integrate with the host vessels in a deep third‐degree burn model and that hyaluronic acid hydrogels that support the precise formation of human vasculature in vitro can be successfully delivered to the site of injury, where they can survive and integrate with the host vasculature. The ability of vascularized constructs to integrate with tissues may depend on the kinetics and stability of vascular structure development. This study assessed the functionality and durability of engineered human vasculatures from endothelial progenitors when implanted in a mouse deep burn‐wound model. Human vascular networks, derived from endothelial colony‐forming cells in hyaluronic acid hydrogels, were transplanted into third‐degree burns. On day 3 following transplantation, macrophages rapidly degraded the hydrogel during a period of inflammation; through the transitions from inflammation to proliferation (days 5–7), the host's vasculatures infiltrated the construct, connecting with the human vessels within the wound area. The growth of mouse vessels near the wound area supported further integration with the implanted human vasculatures. During this period, the majority of the vessels (∼60%) in the treated wound area were human. Although no increase in the density of human vessels was detected during the proliferative phase, they temporarily increased in size. This growth peaked at day 7, the middle of the proliferation stage, and then decreased by the end of the proliferation stage. As the wound reached the remodeling period during the second week after transplantation, the vasculatures including the transplanted human vessels generally regressed, and few microvessels, wrapped by mouse smooth muscle cells and with a vessel area less than 200 μm2 (including the human ones), remained in the healed wound. Overall, this study offers useful insights for the development of vascularization strategies for wound healing and ischemic conditions, for tissue‐engineered constructs, and for tissue regeneration.
Journal Article
Bull sharks
\"This photo-illustrated book describes the vicious bull shark. Explains their life cycle, how they hunt prey, and the danger they can be to ocean and river swimmers. Includes information on work being done to protect this shark from overfishing\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Rumen fermentation, intramuscular fat fatty acid profiles and related rumen bacterial populations of Holstein bulls fed diets with different energy levels
The dietary energy level can affect ruminal microbiota, and further can affect rumen fermentation and fatty acid (FA) synthesis. In this study, we investigated the correlations between rumen bacteria and rumen fermentation parameters and intramuscular fat (IMF) FA profiles of Holstein bulls fed different energy diets via using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography. The results showed that the improved dietary energy increased propionate, isobutyrate and isovalerate concentrations, and decreased acetate concentration and the acetate/propionate ratio. Increased dietary energy improved beef IMF content and had no effects on cooking loss, Warner-Bratzler shear force, water holding capacity, or drip loss. Increase dietary energy also decreased C18:0, C18:1
trans
, C22:0, C20:3n-3, C22:6n-3, and saturated fatty acids, and increased C18:1
cis
-9, C18:2n-6
trans
, and monounsaturated fatty acids. 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that dietary energy had no impact on alpha diversity or the relative abundance of most of the major phyla and genera in rumen. In all dietary treatment groups, the dominant microbial phyla were
Bacteroidetes
(54.91%) and
Firmicutes
(33.60%), and the major microbial genus was
Prevotella_1
(21.75%). Improved dietary energy decreased the abundances of
Firmicutes
and
Tenericutes
and increased that of
Proteobacteria
at the phylum level, while decreasing those of
RC9_gut_group
, and increased
Prevotellaceae_UCG-004
,
Phocaeicola
,
Acetitomaculum
,
Lachnoclostridium_1
,
Prevotellaceae_UCG-003
, and
Anaerovibrio
at the genus level. Spearman correlation analysis showed high correlations between rumen bacteria and fermentation parameters/IMF FA profiles. Collectively, our data indicated that dietary energy affects the ruminal microbiota, and further affects ruminal fermentation and IMF FA composition.
Journal Article
In search of bull sharks
Introduces readers to the bull shark, which is considered to be the most dangerous shark in the world. Aggressive and able to live in both salt water and freshwater, these sharks are both incredible and deadly. This book will introduce readers to bull shark behavior, diet, and anatomy, as well as their fearsome hunting habits.
Book
Podocalyxin Is a Glycoprotein Ligand of the Human Pluripotent Stem Cell‐Specific Probe rBC2LCN
This study demonstrates that podocalyxin, a heavily glycosylated type 1 transmembrane protein, is a glycoprotein ligand of rBC2LCN on human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and embryonic stem (ES) cells. When analyzed by DNA microarray, podocalyxin was found to be highly expressed in both iPS cells and ES cells. The carbohydrate antigens of rBC2LCN are expressed on O‐glycans of podocalyxin, since alkaline hydrolysis greatly reduced the binding of rBC2LCN to human iPS cells and ES cells. rBC2LCN bound to an O‐glycan carrying H type 3 epitope structure isolated from iPS cells, suggesting that H type 3 is a novel pluripotency glycan marker. In comprehensive glycome analysis with a high‐density lectin microarray, we have previously shown that the recombinant N‐terminal domain of the lectin BC2L‐C from Burkholderia cenocepacia (rBC2LCN) binds exclusively to undifferentiated human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and embryonic stem (ES) cells but not to differentiated somatic cells. Here we demonstrate that podocalyxin, a heavily glycosylated type 1 transmembrane protein, is a glycoprotein ligand of rBC2LCN on human iPS cells and ES cells. When analyzed by DNA microarray, podocalyxin was found to be highly expressed in both iPS cells and ES cells. Western and lectin blotting revealed that rBC2LCN binds to podocalyxin with a high molecular weight of more than 240 kDa in undifferentiated iPS cells of six different origins and four ES cell lines, but no binding was observed in either differentiated mouse feeder cells or somatic cells. The specific binding of rBC2LCN to podocalyxin prepared from a large set of iPS cells (138 types) and ES cells (15 types) was also confirmed using a high‐throughput antibody‐overlay lectin microarray. Alkaline digestion greatly reduced the binding of rBC2LCN to podocalyxin, indicating that the major glycan ligands of rBC2LCN are presented on O‐glycans. Furthermore, rBC2LCN was found to exhibit significant affinity to a branched O‐glycan comprising an H type 3 structure (Ka, 2.5 × 104 M−1) prepared from human 201B7 iPS cells, indicating that H type 3 is a most probable potential pluripotency marker. We conclude that podocalyxin is a glycoprotein ligand of rBC2LCN on human iPS cells and ES cells.
Journal Article