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Many engineers still utilize computer-aided design (CAD) drawings for design and then use those drawings for quantity surveys. CAD is userfriendly and easy to learn, but less powerful than Building Information Modelling (BIM). Both technologies are utilized for Bill of Quantity (BOQ). The manual technique for producing BOQ takes a lot of time and may result in errors or model shortcomings. The current study aims to present an accurate framework for object recognition from CAD drawings and convert them into intelligent drawings through which engineers can automatically count amounts. The work here is classified as supervised classification using the principles of remote sensing to identify objects in CAD drawings. This approach aims to convert engineering work into computerized tasks, as it is necessary for large projects. The proposed framework incorporates the C# programming language with Microsoft Excel and AutoCAD. The framework has been tested on over 200 layouts. Drawing faults are detected and corrected automatically or semiautomatically, yielding precise output. The current work minimizes human mistakes in quantity surveys, increases productivity, and completes project information. The study highlights the importance of using the latest technology to overcome the shortcomings in CAD drawings.

Wooden furniture design necessitates the integration of both technological requirements and aesthetic considerations. To guide designers in achieving this balance, this article explores how established design principles, such as proportions and preferred numerical sequences, can inform decision-making for both technological and aesthetic aspects. The goal is to demonstrate how these principles can be integrated with modern CAD tools. In reviewing the scientific literature, this study compiled and compared mathematical and non-mathematical models that support dimensional decision-making. These models included ancient canons (Egyptian, Greek, and Roman) alongside those of Leonardo da Vinci, Palladio, Dürer, Le Corbusier, Zeising, McCallum, and Brock. Additionally, the article examines numeral systems used in modern technology, such as Renard's series and convenient numbers. It is proposed that designers should experiment with geometric design templates to achieve balanced proportions. All geometric design principles contribute to aesthetics, creativity and effectiveness in design. The literature identifies two groups of dimensional design templates: organic, inspired by the human body or the Fibonacci sequence, and inorganic, based on numerical order. It’s impossible to pinpoint a single \"optimal algorithm\" to support dimensional decisions in design. Specific geometric design principles serve as valuable tools, not the ultimate answer.

Wooden furniture design necessitates the integration of both technological requirements and aesthetic considerations. To guide designers in achieving this balance, this article explores how established design principles, such as proportions and preferred numerical sequences, can inform decision-making for both technological and aesthetic aspects. The goal is to demonstrate how these principles can be integrated with modern CAD tools. In reviewing the scientific literature, this study compiled and compared mathematical and non-mathematical models that support dimensional decision-making. These models included ancient canons (Egyptian, Greek, and Roman) alongside those of Leonardo da Vinci, Palladio, Dürer, Le Corbusier, Zeising, McCallum, and Brock. Additionally, the article examines numeral systems used in modern technology, such as Renard’s series and convenient numbers. It is proposed that designers should experiment with geometric design templates to achieve balanced proportions. All geometric design principles contribute to aesthetics, creativity and effectiveness in design. The literature identifies two groups of dimensional design templates: organic, inspired by the human body or the Fibonacci sequence, and inorganic, based on numerical order. It’s impossible to pinpoint a single “optimal algorithm” to support dimensional decisions in design. Specific geometric design principles serve as valuable tools, not the ultimate answer.

Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in furniture design is challenged by increasing product complexity and component proliferation. This study introduces a novel framework that integrates entropy reduction—achieved through dimensional standardization and modularity—as a core factor in the MCDA methodologies. The framework addresses both individual furniture evaluation and product family optimization through systematic complexity reduction. The research employed a two-phase methodology. First, a comparative analysis evaluated two furniture variants (laminated particleboard versus oak wood) using the Weighted Sum Model (WSM) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The divergent rankings produced by these methods revealed inherent evaluation ambiguities stemming from their distinct mathematical foundations, highlighting the need for additional decision criteria. Building on these findings, the study further examined ten furniture variants, identifying the potential to transform their individual components into universal components, applicable across various furniture variants (or configurations) in a furniture line. The proposed dimensional modifications enhance modularity and interoperability within product lines, simplifying design processes, production, warehousing logistics, product servicing, and liquidation at end of lifetime. The integration of entropy reduction as a quantifiable criterion within MCDA represents a significant methodological advancement. By prioritizing dimensional standardization and modularity, the framework reduces component variety while maintaining design flexibility. This approach offers furniture manufacturers a systematic method for balancing product diversity with operational efficiency, addressing a critical gap in current design evaluation practices.

This chapter discusses ways to import existing drawings into the AutoCAD 2017 software through tracing, scaling, and scanning. In addition to importing drawings, users learn how to incorporate drawings in Portable Document Format (PDF) into the AutoCAD work. This chapter shows how to convert paper drawings into AutoCAD files, import a raster image, work with a raster image, and use a geolocation map. The simplest method for converting paper drawings is to scan the drawings as image files to be used as a background in AutoCAD. If users have a scanner and they would like to use it to import drawings and other images into AutoCAD, they can take advantage of the program's ability to import raster images. Raster images can be made to overlap AutoCAD objects, or users can have raster images appear in the background. There are also rudimentary controls for brightness, contrast, and transparency.

The AutoCAD 2017 software offers a variety of ways to reuse existing geometry, thereby automating much of the repetitive work usually associated with manual drafting. In this chapter, as users finish drawing the studio apartment unit, they will explore some of the ways to exploit existing files and objects while constructing their drawing. AutoCAD offers templates, which are drawing files that contain custom settings designed for a particular function. Out of the box, AutoCAD has templates for ISO, ANSI, DIN, GB, and JIS standard drawing formats that include generic title blocks. The chapter explores the tools that let users quickly duplicate objects. It describes how to draw parts of a small kitchen. The first set of exercises introduces the Array command, which users can use to draw the gas burners of a range top. In AutoCAD 2017, they can create an array that follows a curved or straight path, such as a spline curve.

This chapter describes how to create and edit polylines, create a polyline spline curve, create and edit true spline curves, and mark divisions on curves. User can create a curve in AutoCAD in many ways. If user does not need the representation of a curve to be accurate, user can use a polyline curve. Next, the chapter explains how to use the polyline curve to experiment with some of the editing options unique to the Pedit command. It lists a few of the Pedit options, such as Spline/Decurve, and Edit Vertex. The Pedit command's Spline option offers a way to draw smoother and more controllable curves than those produced by the Fit option. A polyline spline does not pass through the vertex points as does a fitted curve. Instead, the vertex points act as weights pulling the curve in their direction. These \"weighted\" vertex points are called control vertices.

This chapter describes some of the tools of AutoCAD that helps to manage files and the files that one share with others. It describes how to share drawings online, publish users' drawings, get started with A360 Drive, manage their drawings with DesignCenter and the tool palettes, establish office standards, and convert multiple layer settings. Autodesk offers the free A360 Drive service, where users can share files in a much more open and organized fashion. With A360 Drive, they can make files available to others in a way similar to how they would make files available on an FTP site or a website, with the addition of more easily controlled access. AutoCAD offers the Hyperlink tool, which enables to link any document to an AutoCAD object. Hyperlinks persist even after users have exported their drawing to a portable document format (PDF) file.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction CAD Component Deposition and Postprocessing Conclusions References

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Layered Manufacturing Processes Materials and Layered Manufacturing Capabilities Applications of Layered Manufacturing Technologies Future Directions References