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To investigate the root canal anatomy of permanent maxillary and mandibular canines in a Turkish subpopulation using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Retrospective CBCT data of 300 patients admitted to our clinic between 2016 and 2018 were screened and evaluated. A total of 235 patients, 100 males and 135 females, aged 14-76 years (mean age 37.27±13.40) were included in this study. A total of 191 (44,8%) maxillary canine teeth and 235 (55,2%) mandibular canine teeth were examined. The number of roots and root canal morphology according to Vertucci’s classification, the presence of accessory canals, and the position of the apical foramen of the root were analyzed. The effect of gender and age on the incidence of root canal morphology was also investigated. The majority of the teeth had a Type I canal configuration in both maxillary canines (100%) and mandibular canines (92,8%). In the mandibular canines the other canal patterns found were Type III (6,8%), and Type II (0,4%). Apical foramen was centrally positioned in the majority of the teeth, 70,2% and 66,8% in maxillary and mandibular canines, respectively. The occurrence of two roots in mandibular canines was 3,8% and the root canal separation was found 53,8% and 46,2% in the middle and cervical third of the root, respectively. No significant statistical difference was observed effect of gender and age on the incidence of the root canal morphology and the position of the apical foramen. Due to the diverse morphology and the potential presence of a second canal for canine teeth among the Turkish subpopulation, dentists should perform endodontic treatments with greater care. CBCT is an accurate tool for the morphological assessment of the root canals.

The relationship between metabolic health and breast cancer emerges as an expanding area of research in comparative oncology, particularly highlighted in studies conducted among humans and canines. This review explores how dietary habits, obesity, and metabolic syndromes influence the risk, progression, and response to breast cancer treatments. To this end, the impact of obesity, diet, and lifestyle on carcinogenesis mechanisms and prognosis in human and canine patients affected by mammary tumors is examined. By examining comparative studies addressing the relationship between metabolic health and breast cancer in women and canines, common molecular and biochemical pathways in both species are identified. This approach provides a broader understanding of oncological diseases and their development, suggesting potential strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer from a metabolic perspective. However, as this area of research is still developing, it is necessary to explore new research lines to fully understand the complex relationship between metabolic health and cancer across different species from biochemical, molecular, genetic, and epigenetic perspectives, with the goal of gaining valuable knowledge that contributes to the development of new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools.

Background: The treatment of pain in companion animals is of great importance nowadays. The presence of various drugs as alternative therapies for pain should be studied to improve the quality of life and well-being of patients in the small species clinic. For years, acetaminophen or also called acetaminophen has been misused in dogs and cats, producing toxic effects after administration at high doses. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluated the effects on renal and hepatic enzymes after pre- and post-surgical administration of acetaminophen in dogs undergoing ovarian hysterectomy surgeries, performed by students in their last semesters at the university, and to evaluate its effect as a trans- and post-surgical analgesic therapy. Methods: For this purpose, a dose of acetaminophen was administered 30 minutes before the procedure and 48 hours after surgery. Pain was assessed with the Glasgow Pain Scale during surgery and at 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours after the surgical procedure. To evaluate the effect on liver enzymes and renal analytes, blood studies were performed 7 days before surgery and 5 days after. Results: No significant changes in renal analytes and liver enzymes were observed after application of the drug every 6 and 8 hours for 48 hours. Furthermore, during the surgical procedure, anesthesia and analgesia remained stable, as well as a low score on the pain scale, indicating absence of postoperative pain, although the total surgery time was longer than usual. Conclusions: The use of acetaminophen at adequate doses does not produce hepatic and renal alterations, besides being an excellent analgesic in prolonged surgeries and postoperative pain.

Background: The results from automated equipment and peripheral blood smears allow correlating clinical data with cellular blood counts (CBC), generating information on pathologies of hematological and non-hematological origin in dogs. Objective: To describe qualitative and quantitative magnitudes of CBC in healthy donor dogs of a blood- bank in Medellín (Colombia). Methods: A descriptive-prospective study was carried out from 146 records of CBC results from a blood-bank. The samples were processed by automated equipment, and trained personnel performed the observation of peripheral blood smears to collect qualitative information. Variables such as age, sex, breed, quantitative results, and observations of the peripheral blood smears were considered. For the definition of biological intervals (BIs), the mean and two standard deviations were used for the data with a normal distribution. Otherwise, the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were used. Results: The size, granularity, and cytoplasmic vacuoles in monocytes and polymorphonuclear eosinophils, as well as the presence of Barr chromatin and occasional circulating erythroblasts, were remarkable findings to the peripheral blood smear. With the standardization of data obtained from dogs of large and giant breeds, the present work provides BIs for some of the CBC data in the studied population. Conclusion: The findings of the present study allow approximations to the definition of alterations in blood cells and their counts, which can guide the veterinarian towards an early diagnosis in dogs.

The aim of this study was to describe the formation of a granuloma as a surgical complication following repositioning of the third eyelid lacrimal gland and the success of its surgical treatment using marsupialization in a dog. A three-month-old male French Bulldog was presented at the Uningá Veterinary Clinic with a primary complaint of a nodule in the lower medial region of the right eye. This medical complication developed after a previous surgical procedure by another veterinarian to reposition the third eyelid lacrimal gland. Suspecting a granuloma, cyst, or neoplastic growth, the animal underwent a marsupialization procedure, during which a fragment of the nodule wall was collected for histopathological analysis, which confirmed the diagnosis of a granuloma. Nine months of follow-up post-surgery showed complete recovery without complications. This case concluded that histopathological analysis is essential for accurate differential diagnosis of a lacrimal granuloma. Furthermore, careful burial of the third eyelid gland is recommended as an important measure to prevent granuloma formation. Finally, the study demonstrates that marsupialization can yield excellent results without compromising lacrimal function. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la formación de un granuloma como intercurrencia quirúrgica del reposicionamiento de la glándula lagrimal del tercer párpado y el éxito de su tratamiento quirúrgico por la técnica de marsupialización en un perro. Un Bulldog francés, macho, de tres meses de edad, fue atendido en la Clínica Veterinaria Uningá con la principal queja de la presencia de un nódulo en la región medial inferior del ojo derecho. Esta complicación médica se generó después de que otro profesional veterinario había reposicionado la glándula lagrimal del tercer párpado. Ante la sospecha de granuloma, quiste o neoformación tumoral, el animal fue sometido a un procedimiento quirúrgico de marsupialización, donde se recuperó un fragmento de la pared del nódulo para un análisis histopatológico que confirmó el diagnostico de granuloma. Se realizó seguimiento del caso nueve meses después del procedimiento quirúrgico y el resultado obtenido mostró una recuperación total del paciente sin ningún tipo de complicaciones. Se concluyó en este caso que la realización de un análisis histopatológico es fundamental para un diagnóstico diferencial acertado del granuloma lagrimal. Adicionalmente, se resalta que es muy importante la realización de una técnica cuidadosa de entierro de la glándula del tercer párpado con el fin de prevenir la formación de granulomas. Finalmente, se demuestra que la técnica de marsupialización puede aportar excelentes resultados sin comprometer la función lagrimal.

The clinical case of a one-year-old miniature Bull Terrier is presented. The patient was brought to the cardiology service of the Small Animal Clinic at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia due to historical syncopal episodes during exercise or moments of excitement, as well as at rest. Additionally, these syncopal episodes have increased in frequency to the point of daily occurrence. Echocardiography reveals thickening of the interventricular septum and the free wall of both ventricles. Additionally, irregular enlargement is evidenced in the mass of the papillary muscles of the left ventricle, which are distributed concentrically to the ventricular cavity, as well as a thickened mitral valve, which neither closes nor opens correctly causing mitral insufficiency and regurgitant flow to the left atrium. Similarly, narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract and increased echogenicity in the aortic valve are observed, which, similarly to the mitral valve, is unable to open properly. The findings suggest congenital mitral valve dysplasia leading to stenosis, accompanied by aortic stenosis. Due to the absence of surgical intervention options, therapy aims to control existing clinical signs and halt the progression of cardiac enlargement using beta-blockers.   Se presenta el caso clínico de un Bull Terrier miniatura de un año. El paciente es llevado al servicio de cardiología de la Clínica para Pequeños Animales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia debido a que presenta síncopes históricos durante el ejercicio o momentos de excitación, así como en reposo. Adicionalmente, estos síncopes han aumentado su frecuencia al punto de tener un episodio diario. La ecocardiografía revela engrosamiento del septo interventricular y de la pared libre de ambos ventrículos. Se evidencia adicionalmente un agrandamiento de forma irregular en la masa de los músculos papilares del ventrículo izquierdo, los cuales se distribuyen de manera concéntrica a la cavidad ventricular, así como una válvula mitral engrosada que no cierra ni abre correctamente, lo cual ocasiona insuficiencia mitral y un flujo regurgitante al atrio izquierdo. De igual manera, se observa un estrechamiento en el tracto de salida del ventrículo izquierdo y un aumento de la ecogenicidad en la válvula aórtica que, de manera similar a la válvula mitral, no es capaz de abrirse adecuadamente. Los hallazgos sugieren displasia congénita de la válvula mitral que ocasiona una estenosis de esta, acompañada de estenosis aórtica. Debido a la ausencia de posibilidades de intervenciones quirúrgicas, la terapia se dirige a controlar los signos clínicos existentes y frenar la progresión del agrandamiento cardíaco mediante el uso de beta bloqueadores.

Anamnesis: Renal nephroblastoma is a rare neoplasm of dogs. This case corresponds to a 3yearold female Golden Retriever, who was treated due to bilateral abdominal distention and weight loss. Clinical and laboratory findings: There were not any alterations in the hemogram or blood biochemistry (AST, AP, BUN and creatinine). Radiographic findings were enlarged left kidney with a cystic center. Treatment approach: a median laparotomy was performed, the intestines and spleen were displaced to expose the left kidney, then this was dissected from the abdominal roof, the ureter, renal artery and vein were ligated and sectioned, and the affected kidney was excised. Macroscopically it presented a mass of 15 × 10 × 8 cm whit a central cavitation of 4 × 5 cm. Mixed type nephroblastoma grade II (SIOP and NWTSG) was diagnosed by histopathology. Immunohistochemistry was performed to confirm neoplasm and describe proliferating cell portions using cytokeratin AE1AE3, Pax8, and WT1. Conclusion: Related to the rare presentation of this neoplasm it is very important to describe prognostic indicators in dogs with nephroblastoma. In this case the use of these markers was useful supporting the diagnosis.

The aim of this report was to document the presentation of a 12-week-old pyometra in an 11-year-old female Chihuahua with hyperadrenocorticism and endocardiosis. The patient presented with clinical and paraclinical signs consistent with chronic hyperadrenocorticism. An adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test confirmed the hyperadrenocorticism (post-stimulation cortisol of 27.79 µg/dl). However, the progression of subclinical pyometra was evident at 12 weeks of evolution (Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation – fast [APPLE-fast] of 15; Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [qSOFA] of 1) with additional signs of pulmonary edema secondary to endocardiosis. At 48 hours post-surgery, the patient exhibited lethargy, anorexia, an APPLE-fast of 26, and clinical criteria of SIRS-3. After the therapeutic failure of the previous approach with enrofloxacin plus ampicillin/sulbactam, and later cefovecin, it was decided to administer gentamicin for 3 days, with a favorable clinical and paraclinical response, and an APPLE-fast of 19. The result of the urine culture revealed the presence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) with a multidrug-resistant profile suggestive of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). At the clinical follow-up 4 weeks after starting trilostane post-discharge, the tutor reported improvement in clinical signs of chronic polydipsia, polyuria, and polyphagia, with an appropriate quality of life score for monitoring hyperadrenocorticism. It is presumed that the classic clinical expression of pyometra and infectious cystitis was mitigated by the uncontrolled underlying hyperadrenocorticism, and the clinical course of the disease progressed to sepsis due to EHEC with apparent production of ESBL.

Abstract In this report we present the clinical case of a Harlequin Great Dane male canine, which presented the opaque and very red right eye. In the ophthalmological examination he presented an acute picture of uveitis, followed by glaucoma and visual deficit, and does not report physical trauma or a blunt force at eye level. The definitive diagnosis was uveal melanoma, confirmed by ultrasound, cytology and histopathology.

The spleen is one of the most susceptible organs to primary tumours, metastasis, and a wide range of diseases of the hematopoietic system. Therefore, detailed assessment of the spleen is of great importance in veterinary medicine, especially in dogs, due to their economic and sentimental value, and as an experimental model in human medicine. Considering the recent advances in diagnostic imaging in companion animals, this review aims to describe the applicability of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography (qualitative and quantitative), Doppler, and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for evaluating the spleen in dogs. The ARFI elastography is a recent ultrasound method that can provide reference values and aid in the diagnosis and evaluation of splenic abnormalities routinely encountered in veterinary practice. Conventional ultrasonographyof the spleen combined with haemodynamic analysis by Doppler and contrast enhanced ultrasonography is an important tool in diagnosis and triage.