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The knowledge and application of pharmacology is essential for safe prescribing and administration of drugs. In this narrative review, the challenges to pharmacology education in the medical curricula were broadly identified to include issues around content and pedagogies. The increasing number of approved drugs and drug targets, expanding field of pharmacology and the often‐changing treatment guidelines and board‐defined competencies can make pharmacology education in the medical curriculum daunting. There has been a consensus around the deployment of innovative medical curricula with emphasis on vertical and horizontal integration. This strategy, effective as it has been, presents new challenges to pharmacology education. As a discipline often perceived by students to be hard‐to‐learn, the future of pharmacology education must include heavy reliance on active learning strategies. The continuing utilization of problem‐based, team‐based and case‐based learning can be complemented with personalized learning which aims to identify the learning gaps in individual students. Technology‐inspired student engagement can foster pharmacology learning and retention. Early exposure to pharmacology from premedical preparation through an enduring across‐the‐level integration can be an effective way to enhance pharmacology learning in the medical curricula.

Aim This study aimed to investigate the impact of bedside case-based learning on critical thinking and capacity for self-directed learning in a group of midwifery students in China. Background Bedside teaching is a well-established educational tool to improve the clinical practice of medical, nursing, and midwifery students. A new pedagogical approach; bedside case-based learning (BCBL) is an interactive teaching approach involving small-group, student-educator discussion to describe the etiology and management of a patient case. This new approach has been gradually integrated into Chinese midwifery education programs to promote clinical problem-solving skills, knowledge application, teamwork, and collaboration. Design A quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test group design. Methods This study used a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test group design. A convenience sample of 67 third-year students majoring in midwifery at the university were prospectively enrolled in this study. Pre- and post-BCBL class surveys were conducted using the Self-Rating Scale of Self-Directed Learning (SRSSDL) and the Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory-Chinese Version (CTDI-CV) to assess changes in self-learning and critical thinking abilities before and after the intervention. Results Following bedside case-based learning, the total scores for self-directed learning capacity and critical thinking increased, although there were no statistically significant differences ( P  > 0.05). Conclusions Although there were no statistically significant differences between pre- and post-test results, students’ self-assessed scores in self-directed learning and critical thinking improved between pre- and post-test.

Background Case-Based Learning (CBL) has seen widespread implementation in undergraduate education since the early 1920s. Ample data has shown CBL to be an enjoyable and motivational didactic tool, and effective in assisting the expansion of declarative and procedural knowledge in academia. Although a plethora of studies apply multiple choice questions (MCQs) in their investigation, few studies measure CBL or case-based blended learning (CBBL)-mediated changes in students’ procedural knowledge in practice or employ comparison or control groups in isolating causal relationships. Methods Utilizing the flexibilities of an e-learning platform, a CBBL framework consisting of a) anonymized patient cases, b) case-related textbook material and online e-CBL modules, and c) simulated patient (SP) contact seminars, was developed and implemented in multiple medical fields for undergraduate medical education. Additionally, other fields saw a solo implementation of e-CBL in the same format. E- cases were constructed according to the criteria of Bloom’s taxonomy. In this study, Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) results from 1886 medical students were analyzed in total, stratified into the following groups: medical students in 2013 ( n  = 619) before CBBL implementation, and after CBBL implementation in 2015 ( n  = 624) and 2016 ( n  = 643). Results A significant improvement (adjusted p  = .002) of the mean OSCE score by 1.02 points was seen between 2013 and 2015 (min = 0, max = 25). Conclusion E-Case-Based Learning is an effective tool in improving performance outcomes and may provide a sustainable learning platform for many fields of medicine in future.

Purpose To compare skills acquired by undergraduate nursing students enrolled in a medical‐surgical course. To compare skills demonstrated by students with no previous clinical practice (undergraduates) and nurses with clinical experience enrolled in continuing professional education (CPE). Design In a nonrandomized clinical trial, 101 undergraduates enrolled in the “Adult Patients 1” course were assigned to the traditional lecture and discussion (n = 66) or lecture and discussion plus case‐based learning (n = 35) arm of the study; 59 CPE nurses constituted a comparison group to assess the effects of previous clinical experience on learning outcomes. Methods Scores on an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), using a human patient simulator and cases validated by the National League for Nursing, were compared for the undergraduate control and intervention groups, and for CPE nurses (Student's t test). Findings Controls scored lower than the intervention group on patient assessment (6.3 ± 2.3 vs 7.5 ± 1.4, p = .04, mean difference, ‐1.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) ‐2.4 to ‐0.03]) but the intervention group did not differ from CPE nurses (7.5 ± 1.4 vs 8.8 ± 1.5, p = .06, mean difference, ‐1.3 [95% CI ‐2.6 to 0.04]). The CPE nurses committed more “rules‐based errors” than did undergraduates, specifically patient identifications (77.2% vs 55%, p = .7) and checking allergies before administering medication (68.2% vs 60%, p = .1). Conclusions The intervention group developed better patient assessment skills than the control group. Case‐based learning helps to standardize the process, which can contribute to quality and consistency in practice: It is essential to correctly identify a problem in order to treat it. Clinical experience of CPE nurses was not associated with better adherence to safety protocols. Clinical Relevance Case‐based learning improves the patient assessment skills of undergraduate nursing students, thereby preparing them for clinical practice.

Aim To evaluate a teaching experience in evidence‐based nursing learning through case‐based learning (CBL) and flipped learning (FL). Design Embedded mixed methods study. Methods In the first phase, a questionnaire on utility, satisfaction and perceived competency development is used to collect quantitative data, and the open question instrument is used to collect qualitative data. After the first phase, an in‐depth semi‐structured interview is used. Results Five themes are identified: the enhancement of learning content, knowledge integration and transfer, the development of teamwork competency, the didactic support of FL and the difficulties and challenges faced by students. Regarding utility, ‘combine theory and practice’ and ‘select the best evidence from what is found in the search’ have the highest values. The most developed skills are communication and critical thinking ability. Finally, most participants are satisfied. Conclusions The combination of CBL and FL is an innovative strategy for learning evidence‐based nursing courses. No Patient or Public Contribution.

Purpose>In today’s global business environment, business learners and employees must adapt to ever-changing challenges. Active learning strategies like case-based learning and think-pair-share may be used in any business course, as they engage learners, may meet Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business standards and assist with employer needs through knowledge and skill enhancement in critical thinking, decision-making, problem-solving and collaboration. The purpose of this paper is to provide business instructors with three activities that are easily modified. The activities promote workforce skills and encourage reflection activities as an assessment. The intent of each scenario is to present solution-driven methods by which business challenges may be assessed and resolved.Design/methodology/approach>Section 2 offers a literature review on case-based learning and think-pair-share. Section 3 includes three case-based activities that instructors may implement. Section 4 sets forth student assessment findings and a conclusion.Findings>The findings demonstrated that learners reported positive benefits of case scenarios and think-pair-share on their ability to make business decisions, critically analyze, solve business problems and collaborate. Reflective observation was an insightful tool in assessing comprehension and skill-building for 68 learners in two sections of fall 2019 Legal Environment of Business courses. The contribution to literature is primarily practical. The activities foster educational effectiveness by stimulating learners to practice critical employment skills. The results also show that satisfaction, intensifying students’ engagement, enhances the educational effectiveness of the courses.Originality/value>This study provides three original case-based activities with suggested content, handouts that may be copied for class use, instructor preparation, learning outcomes, objectives and assignment procedures.

Aims The present study was conducted to apply and examine case‐based learning (CBL) and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) education concept in the training of nursing student's clinical thinking. Design A randomized experimental design with non‐equivalent group pretest–posttest. Methods Participants were requested to participant in either of the two programmes: traditional education programme as a control group or CBL combined with STEM education concept (the STEM group). Questionnaires of critical thinking, self‐directed learning, self‐efficacy were administered before and after the experiment. Results Differences between the STEM group and control group were observed in critical thinking, self‐directed learning, self‐efficacy and career choice over one semester. Accordingly, CBL combined with STEM education concept enhanced the nursing student's clinical thinking.

Students entering university are expected to be active, collaborative, self-regulated and self-directed in their learning. However, this expectation upon entry level is beyond their capacity due to the complex nature of tertiary education compared to that of secondary-level education. A novel hybrid pedagogical model integrating Team-based and case-based learning was employed to assist students to develop such skills. To explore the impact of the hybrid pedagogy, a mixed-methods research design was implemented examining students' academic performances and responses to a motivation and self-regulation of Learning questionnaire. Results revealed enhanced academic performance and high mean scores on questionnaire items, post intervention. Forty-four percent of total respondents provided some insight highlighting that curriculum contextualisation, relevance and positive social interdependence led to a positive student experience. In addition, student feedback also suggested that this model could be a useful analytical tool to personalise data-driven student feedback, identify students' gaps in knowledge and correct misconceptions. Overall, students' interactions with the learning material, their interactions with their instructors and their interactions among their peers are all enhanced, translating into increased academic performance in both summative and formative assessments. The success of implementing this hybrid pedagogical model may prove useful for different stakeholders such as curriculum designers, course coordinators and instructors in science units. [Author abstract]

Background In German veterinary education interdisciplinary lectures (ILs) are an important and mandatory part of the curriculum as their merging character builds a useful preparation for the future profession as a veterinarian. These lectures should enable students to work on practically‐relevant and interdisciplinary cases, which should ideally be defined jointly by lecturers from different disciplines. Methods In order to give students the opportunity to work on these cases and at the same time have contact with their lecturers and fellow students, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, has converted its former in‐class ILs (face‐to‐face delivery format) into a blended learning format. The mandatory lectures comprise 196 curricular hours and are delivered over the course of three semesters within the veterinary curriculum. The new concept was developed over a period of three academic years and extensively evaluated (old‐new‐comparison) with regard to its acceptance and compliance with national requirements for interdisciplinary teaching. Results A total of 306 students were asked to evaluate different aspects of the newly implemented format. Overall, more than 79% of the students attending the newly implemented blended learning format responded positively, and the evaluation showed a significant improvement of learning motivation and acceptance when compared to the traditional teaching format. Conclusion The results indicated that blended learning is a suitable option for teaching mandatory ILs in clinical medicine and veterinary public health.

This paper discusses the findings of a literature review of case based learning (CBL) from a multidisciplinary health science education perspective and attempts to draw comparisons with the available literature relating to prehospital education and CBL. CBL is an exciting educational prospect in which to develop research capacity, strategies, and opportunities. This paper provides an examination of the literature exploring the major consistencies and inconsistencies, and reveals areas of potential future research for prehospital education institutions.