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In this paper, following Blanchard and Fischer (1989), I investigate how the presence of the COVID-19 pandemic—the increase in the probability of death—may affect growth and welfare in a scale-invariant R&D-based Schumpeterian model. Without money, the increase in the probability of death has no effect on long-run growth and a negative effect on welfare. By contrast, when money is introduced via the cash-in-advance (CIA) constraint on consumption, the increase in the probability of death decreases long-run growth and welfare under elastic labor supply. Calibration shows that the quantitative effect of an increase in the probability of death on welfare is much larger compared to that on growth.

R&D investment has well-known liquidity problems, with potentially important consequences. In this study, we analyze the effects of monetary policy on economic growth and social welfare in a Schumpeterian growth model with cash-in-advance (CIA) constraints on R&D investment, consumption, and manufacturing. Our main results can be summarized as follows. Under the CIA constraints on R&D and consumption (the CIA constraint on manufacturing), an increase in the nominal interest rate decreases (increases) R&D and economic growth. We also analyze the optimality of Friedman rule and find that Friedman rule can be suboptimal due to a unique feature of the Schumpeterian model.

This paper analyzes the impact of the interaction between monetary policy and fiscal policy on the stability of an one-sector AK economy. The monetary authority pegs the money growth factor while the fiscal authority implements a progressive consumption tax. The demand of money is motivated by a fractional liquidity constraint on consumption expenditures. When only the monetary authority operates, the unique steady state is locally indeterminate if the intertemporal elasticity of substitution in consumption is low enough. When the fiscal authority is introduced, the interaction of fiscal policy and monetary policy modifies significantly the stability properties. In particular, the fiscal authority could either stabilize or destabilize the economy depending on the tax progressivity, the strength of the liquidity constraint and the intertemporal elasticity of substitution. Our numerical examples further verify those theoretical results.

We study the balanced growth paths and their stability features of a monetary two-sector endogenous growth model with physical capital and human capital accumulation. The demand of money is motivated on the ground of a fractional cash-in-advance constraint on consumption expenditures and on those in the investment in physical capital. We consider, in sequence, two monetary rules implemented by the Central Bank. First, we assume that the latter pegs the money growth rate and then the nominal interest rate according to a Taylor feedback rule. When the Central Bank pegs the money growth rate, there emerges a unique balanced growth path which turns out to be indeterminate for a low amplitude of the liquidity constraint and/or for a low enough intertemporal elasticity of substitution in consumption even under the hypothesis that the cash-in-advance constraint applies uniquely on consumption expenditures. On the other hand, when the monetary policy is implemented according to a Taylor feedback rule, an unintended liquidity trap equilibrium may coexist with multiple interior Taylor equilibria. If, on the one hand, the liquidity trap equilibrium is bound to be locally determinate; on the other hand, the Taylor interior equilibrium may become locally indeterminate provided the cash-in-advance constraint applies also on the investment in physical capital good and under a physical capital intensive human capital good. A global analysis is performed in which we show that the Taylor equilibrium and the liquidity trap one are connected through a heteroclinic orbit.

This paper studies the consequences of labor-market frictions for the real effects of steady inflation when cash is required for households' consumption purchases and firms' wage payments. Money growth may generate a positive real effect by encouraging vacancy creation and raising job matches. This may result in a positive optimal rate of inflation, particularly in an economy with moderate money injections to firms and with nonnegligible labormarket frictions in which wage bargains are not efficient. This main finding holds for a wide range of money injection schemes, with alternative cash constraints, and in a second-best world with preexisting distortionary taxes.

This paper examines the growth and welfare effects from an increase in the rate of money supply in an Ak type growth model with a relative wealth-enhanced social status motive, production externalities, and liquidity constraints. When only consumption is constrained by liquidity, fast money supply can hasten output growth unless seigniorage revenue is wasted and production externalities do not exist. We find that even though money growth normally promotes economic growth, it does not improve welfare when capital stock is over-accumulated. In general, an optimal monetary policy minimizes seigniorage. Our results also conclude that the optimal monetary policy rarely follows the Friedman rule.

We offer a qualitative evaluation of the transmission mechanisms of two real shocks, a productivity shock and a government expenditure shock in Walrasian business cycle models. The analysis is developed in a monetary small open economy business cycle model, a set-up general enough to study the effects of the two shocks on both real and nominal variables. Qualitative and graphical displays indicate properties of Real Business Cycles that are able to reproduce observed cyclical patterns, independently of the calibration used for different economies. These qualitative findings match the quantitative results found in the literature, and rationalize some disparity findings (such as the cyclicity pattern of prices) and failures (such as the Dunlop–Tarshis observation). We suggest that understanding the underlying qualitative intuitions of these models may be of great help in tackling new puzzles in this area.

We show, in a monetary exchange economy, that asset prices in a complete markets general equilibrium are a function of the supply of liquidity by the Central Bank, through its effect on default and interest rates. Two agents trade goods and nominal assets to smooth consumption across periods and future states, in the presence of cash-in-advance financing costs that have effects on real allocations. We show that higher spot interest rates reduce trade and as a result increase state prices. Hence, states of nature with higher interest rates are also states of nature with higher risk-neutral probabilities. This result, which cannot be found in a Lucas-type representative agent model, implies that the yield curve is upward sloping in equilibrium, even when shortterm interest rates are fairly stable and the variance of the (macroeconomic) stochastic discount factor is 0. The risk-premium in the term structure is, therefore, a monetarycost risk premium.

A projection method employing finite elements and a parameterized expectations algorithm is proposed for the global approximation of the equilibrium of a cash-in-advance model economy. The algorithm is shown to be accurate and efficient approximating highly nonlinear regions of the policy functions, specifically along the space of state variables where the slackness multiplier of the cash-in-advance constraint alternates between zero and strictly positive values. This favorable trait allows for a rigorous analysis on the variability of velocity of money. Velocity volatility, measured by its coefficient of variation, arises in the model on a consumption smoothing purpose by the agent at instances where the variation of expected marginal utility of consumption is relatively high due to the realization of a sufficiently low serially correlated monetary shock. In a simulation of the stochastic economic environment responding to a Markovian series of monetary growth rates and no frictions present, the equilibrium approximated via the proposed numerical solution method explains 80.3% of the velocity variability recently observed in the data; a significant improvement over previous attempts found in the literature.

We augment an otherwise standard business cycle model with a richer government sector, and add a stochastic costly credit production as in Benk et al. (2005), and a modified Cash in Advance (CIA) consideration. In particular, the cash in advance constraint of Cole (2020) is extended to include private investment and government consumption, and allows an endogenous proportion of total expenditure to be done using credit. This specification is then calibrated to Bulgarian data after the introduction of the currency board (1999-2018). The costly credit production mechanism adds little in explaining business cycle fluctuations. Credit shocks by themselves are an unlikely candidate to drive the business cycle. In addition, the modified CIA constraint produces a transmission mechanism that generates too much investment volatility, and too little variability in hours and wages in the model.