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Thirty years of Learning Environments : looking back and looking forward
This volume is a commemorative book celebrating the 30th Anniversary of the Special Interest Group (SIG) on Learning Environments of the American Educational Researchers' Association. It includes a historical perspective starting with the formation of the SIG in 1984 and the first program space at the AERA annual meeting in 1985 in Chicago. This retrospective notes other landmarks in the development of the SIG such as the creation of the international journal Learning Environments Research. The study of learning environments was first conceptualized around the need to develop perceptual and psychosocial measures for describing students' individual or shared educational experiences (e.g. 'feel of the class' or 'classroom climate'). Over the ensuing decades, the field expanded considerably from its early roots in science education to describe other phenomenon such as teacher-student interpersonal relationships, or applications in pre-service teacher education and action research. The book also describes several new areas of promise for the expanding field of learning environments research that in the future will include more diverse contexts and applications. These will include new contexts but established research programs in areas such as information and communications technology and environmental education, but also in emerging research contexts such as the physical classroom environment and links among learning environment contexts and students' emotional health and well-being.-- Source other than the Library of Congress.
Book
Teacher vision: expert and novice teachers' perception of problematic classroom management scenes
Visual expertise has been explored in numerous professions, but research on teachers' vision remains limited. Teachers' visual expertise is an important professional skill, particularly the ability to simultaneously perceive and interpret classroom situations for effective classroom management. This skill is complex and relies on an awareness of classroom events. Using eye tracking measurements and verbal think aloud, we investigated differences in how expert and novice teachers perceive problematic classroom scenes. Sixty-seven teachers participated, 35 experienced secondary school teachers (experts) and 32 teachers-in-training (novices). Participants viewed videos of authentic lessons and their eye movements were recorded as they verbalized thoughts about what they had seen in the lesson and how it was relevant to classroom management. Two different types of videos were viewed: lesson fragments showing (1) multiple events depicting disengaged students with no overt disruptions and (2) multiple events that included a prominent disruptive event affecting the class. Analysis of eye movements showed that novices' viewing was more dispersed whereas experts' was more focused. Irrespective of the video type, expert teachers focused their attention on areas where relevant information was available, while novice teachers' attention was more scattered across the classroom. Experts' perception appears to be more knowledge-driven whereas novices' appears more image-driven. Experts monitored more areas than novices, while novices skipped more areas than experts. Word usage also differed, showing that expertise was associated with a higher frequency of words referencing cognition, perception, and events than novices.
Journal Article
How to Flip the Classroom - ＂Productive Failure or Traditional Flipped Classroom＂ Pedagogical Design?
The paper reports a quasi-experimental study comparing the ＂traditional flipped classroom＂ pedagogical design with the ＂productive failure＂ (Kapur, 2016) pedagogical design in the flipped classroom for a 2-week curricular unit on polynomials in a Hong Kong Secondary school. Different from the flipped classroom where students are provided video clips with new concepts and associated procedures to review at home before solving problems in class, the ＂productive failure＂ pedagogical design in the flipped classroom worked the other way around. Supported by mobile technologies, students explored, discussed and solved problems related to the new concepts first in class even though they might come across failures, followed by consolidating the concepts and associated procedures using video clips at home. The pedagogical design is referred to as ＂productive failure-based flipped classroom＂ in this study. The study was carried out in two Grade 7 classes: one with ＂traditional flipped classroom＂ and one with the ＂productive failure-based flipped classroom＂. Findings show that both classes had significant improvement in procedural knowledge. However, regarding conceptual knowledge, students in the ＂productive failure＂ condition performed better than those in traditional flipped classroom. This suggests that the ＂productive failure-based flipped classroom＂ pedagogical design may be better able to improve students' problem solving skills.
Journal Article
A Learning Analytics Approach to Investigating Factors Affecting EFL Students' Oral Performance in a Flipped Classroom
Flipped classrooms have been widely adopted and discussed by school teachers and researchers in the past decade. However, few studies have been conducted to formally evaluate the effectiveness of flipped classrooms in terms of improving EFL students' English oral presentation, not to mention investigating factors affecting their flipped learning outcomes. In this study, an online community-based flipped learning approach was proposed for an EFL oral presentation course; moreover, a learning analytics approach was used to analyze factors affecting the students' oral presentation outcomes. An 18-week research design was implemented with the online community-based flipped classroom using Facebook as the platform for facilitating and recording peer-to-peer interactions during the flipped learning process. In addition, the students' learning performance and perceptions were collected in 3 learning stages during the 18 weeks. The experimental results reveal positive effects of the online community-based flipped instruction over the conventional video-based instruction. That is, first, the online community-based flipped instruction using mobile devices can enhance students' English oral performance. Moreover, it was found that the high improvers had a significantly higher frequency of online participation, as well as more interactive behaviors and greater satisfaction with the flipped classroom than the low improvers. These results imply that the online community flipped classroom could not only provide learning materials and out-of-class learning for students, but could also help them become more responsible and autonomous in their learning and communication. These findings could be valuable references for those who intend to conduct effective flipped classrooms with an online community to facilitate students' before-class learning participation and to improve their in-class learning performance.
Journal Article
Conceptualization, Measurement, and Improvement of Classroom Processes: Standardized Observation Can Leverage Capacity
The authors advance an argument that placing observation of actual teaching as a central feature of accountability frameworks, teacher preparation, and basic science could result in substantial improvements in instruction and related social processes and a science of the production of teaching and teachers. Teachers' behavioral interactions with students can be (a) assessed observationally using standardized protocols, (b) analyzed systematically with regard to sources of error, (c) validated for predicting student learning, and (d) changed (improved) as a function of specific and aligned supports provided to teachers; exposure to such supports is predictive of greater student learning gains. These methods have considerable promise; along with measurement challenges, some of which pertain to psychometrics, efficiency, and costs, they merit attention, rigorous study, and substantial research investments.
Journal Article
Understanding teaching and learning : classroom research revisited
Written by emerging and experienced classroom researchers from several countries as part of a project aimed at building on and extending Professor Graham Nuthall's (1935-2004) research and promoting the conducting, teaching and supervision of classroom research. --Derived from cover (p. [4]).
Book
Equity Analytics: A Methodological Approach for Quantifying Participation Patterns in Mathematics Classroom Discourse
Equity in mathematics classroom discourse is a pressing concern, but analyzing issues of equity using observational tools remains a challenge. In this article, the authors propose
equity analytics as a quantitative approach to analyzing aspects of equity and inequity in classrooms. They introduce a classroom observation tool that focuses on relatively
low-inference dimensions of classroom discourse, which are cross-tabulated with demographic markers (e.g., gender, race) to identify patterns of more and less equitable
participation within and across lessons.
Journal Article