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Clean Coal Engineering Technology, Second Edition provides significant information on the major power generation technologies that aim to utilize coal more efficiently, and with less environmental impact.

Provides a comprehensive review on the brand-new development of several multiphase reactor techniques applied in energy-related processes Explains the fundamentals of multiphase reactors as well as the sophisticated applications Helps the reader to understand the key problems and solutions of clean coal conversion techniques Details the emerging processes for novel refining technology, clean coal conversion techniques, low-cost hydrogen productions and CO2 capture and storage Introduces current energy-related processes and links the basic principles of emerging processes to the features of multiphase reactors providing an overview of energy conversion in combination with multiphase reactor engineering Includes case studies of novel reactors to illustrate the special features of these reactors

This article presents the results of an analysis aimed at verifying the relationship between the implementation of SDG Goal 7 and the use of clean coal technologies in Poland. Clean coal technologies in the United Nations plans will constitute a crucial element of the strategy for sustainable development in the energy context. They are intended to be one of the tools for building an energy system based on renewable energy sources, constituting a bridge that enables the transition of Poland’s energy system from coal to renewable energy sources. To identify whether this relationship exists, the Autoregressive Moving Average with Exogenous Input (ARMAX) model was used. The structure of the model, its correctness, and its accuracy were confirmed using information criteria; statistical tests such as Dickey-Fuller, Doornik-Hansen, Durbin-Watson, and Breusch-Pagan; and measures of prediction accuracy such as MAPE, MAE, and RMSE. The explanatory variables were the Objective 7 indicators adopted by Eurostat. Before being introduced to the ARMAX model, they were standardized using the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) indicator. The analysis made it possible to indicate which of the explanatory variables has the greatest impact on the development of clean coal technologies in Poland, to determine a synthetic CAGR measure for all the explanatory variables, and to compare the results obtained with the indicator determined by the United Nations.

Implementing the provisions related to energy transition, decarbonization, and, thus, the implementation of the Green Deal in the European Union requires increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the energy generation mix. On the one hand, this approach enables the acquisition of clean energy, but, on the other hand, it can affect the stability of energy supply to consumers in terms of the time and quantity required. Therefore, in the presented research, the authors proposed and verified the following thesis: Innovative coal technologies can play a temporary but crucial role in building the stability of the energy system by developing an operational stability index for the energy system in Poland. To this end, they determined the energy system stability index (ESSI) level, verified its variability over time, and simulated changes in the index when clean coal technology was used. The proposed method is highly universal and can be applied to any country, and the program written specifically for this research fully automates the ESSI calculation process. It is an excellent tool for facilitating decision making and enables the creation of simulations and scenarios of the impact of potential energy development strategies on its operational stability. The set of indicators developed by the authors characterizes the operational stability of the energy system according to the four-dimensional energy security paradigm. This allows for the consideration of the entire spectrum of operational and structural indicators when analysing the stability of the energy system. The developed ESSI allows for the assessment of the system’s stability in a technical sense, but also its adaptability, power and energy balancing, and, ultimately, its independence.

This article presents research results on the share of coal in the energy mix and the impact of clean coal technologies on Poland’s energy mix. Two mathematical models were utilised: the Boltzmann sigmoidal curve and a supervised machine learning model that employs multiple regressions. Eight explanatory variables were incorporated into the model, the influence of which on the explained variable was confirmed by Student’s t-test. The constructed models were verified using ex post errors and the Durbin–Watson and Shapiro–Wilk statistical tests. It was observed that the share of coal in the mix decreased more dynamically after 2015 compared to previous years. Furthermore, a simulation was conducted using the machine learning model, which confirmed the hypothesis on the influence of clean coal technologies on the level of coal share in the Poland energy production structure. As shown by the analysis and simulation, coal could be maintained in the energy mixes of EU countries, and even if the negative aspects of using this fuel were limited—primarily the emission of harmful substances—its share could even increase. It was noted that this share could be higher by 22% assuming a return to the interest in CCT levels from before 2015 and the reduction in CO2 emissions using membrane techniques proposed by the authors. Clean coal technologies would enable diversification of the energy mix, which is an important aspect of energy security. They would also enable the gradual introduction of renewable energy sources or other energy sources, which would facilitate the transition stage on the way to a sustainable energy mix.

The efforts of the world research activities involved in clean coal technologies development focus to a considerable extent on integrated hydrogen and power generation technologies based on coal gasification. As an alternative to combustion processes, gasification offers increased efficiency, lower negative environmental impact as well as wider application range of the main product—synthesis gas—in power generation and chemical syntheses. In order to select the most optimal lignite for the purpose of gasification, it is necessary to determine coal reactivity, the key parameter characterizing how fast the fuel reacts with the gasifying medium and controlling its process ability in thermochemical conversion to energy and/or energy carriers. This paper presents the experimental results of oxygen/steam gasification of lignite coal char in a fixed bed reactor under atmospheric pressure and at the temperature of 700, 800 and 900 °C; the samples come from an open pit lignite mine in the southwest of Poland. The effectiveness of the gasification process was tested in terms of the total gas and hydrogen yields, gas composition, carbon conversion rate and chars reactivity.

The article presents research on the synergistic impact of clean coal technologies and renewable energy sources on the energy mix in Poland. The main causes of problems that inhibit the development of renewable energy sources and ways to eliminate them are presented. A factor that may undermine the development of renewable energy potential is access to critical raw materials such as rare earth elements. Clean coal technologies will make it possible to survive the transition period for coal-based energy mixes. The CCT solution described in this article will enable the acquisition of rare earth elements necessary for the development of renewable energy sources. The ability to meet the demand for REEs based on elements recovered from fly ash is examined. For this purpose, an analysis of wind electricity production capacities was carried out and a forecast until 2030 was created. A program was written using machine learning and the Gompretz sigmoid model. Based on the forecast, the level of demand for REEs was determined and compared with the supply obtained from fly ash. The authors propose an alternative source of REEs and analyze the relationship between demand and supply of this source.

The latest developments in health, medicine, environmental issues, space and technology feature in this exciting and thought-provoking package of science stories. This episode looks at a new field of technology called biomimetics that aims to create machines that mimic living creatures and the robot fly researchers are trying to build; new research that shows that many people, especially the elderly, have vision defects that make it difficult for them to see road signs and pedestrians; data from the Galileo mission that hints at an immense global ocean beneath the frozen crust and a possibility of life; and efforts to improve coal cleaning cyclones via CAT scans and mathematical modeling.

Climate change remains a global challenge requiring international collaborative action. Another area where countries have successfully committed to a long-term multilateral resolution is the liberalization of international trade. Integration into the world economy has proven a powerful means for countries to promote economic growth, development, and poverty reduction. The broad objectives of the betterment of current and future human welfare are shared by both global trade and climate regimes. Yet both climate and trade agendas have evolved largely independently through the years, despite their mutually supporting objectives. Since global emission goals and global trade objectives are shared policy objectives of most countries, and nearly all of the World Bank's clients, it makes sense to consider the two sets of objectives together. This book is one of the first comprehensive attempts to look at the synergies between climate change and trade objectives from economic, legal, and institutional perspectives. It addresses an important policy question - how changes in trade policies and international cooperation on trade policies can help address global environmental spillovers, especially GHG emissions, and what the (potential) effects of (national) environmental policies that are aimed at global environmental problems might be for trade and investment. It explores opportunities for aligning development and energy policies in such a way that they could stimulate production, trade, and investment in cleaner technology options.