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The hydrogen revolution : a blueprint for the future of clean energy
\"An energy expert shows why hydrogen can fight climate change and become the fuel of the future\"-- Provided by publisher
BOOK
Are cleaner cooking solutions clean enough? A systematic review and meta-analysis of particulate and carbon monoxide concentrations and exposures
Globally, approximately 3 billion primarily cook using inefficient and poorly vented combustion devices, leading to unsafe levels of household air pollution (HAP) in and around the home. Such exposures contribute to nearly 4 million deaths annually (WHO 2018a, 2018b ). Characterizing the effectiveness of interventions for reducing HAP concentration and exposure is critical for informing policy and programmatic decision-making on which cooking solutions yield the greatest health benefits. This review synthesizes evidence of in-field measurements from four cleaner cooking technologies and three clean fuels, using field studies aimed at reducing HAP concentration and personal exposure to health damaging pollutants (particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and carbon monoxide (CO)). Fifty studies from Africa, Asia, South and Latin America, provided 168 estimates synthesized through meta-analysis. For PM 2.5 kitchen concentrations, burning biomass more cleanly through improved combustion stoves (ICS) with ( n = 29; 63% reduction) or without ( n = 12; 52%) venting (through flue or chimney) and through forced-draft combustion ( n = 9; 50%) was less effective than cooking with clean fuels including ethanol ( n = 4; 83%), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) ( n = 11; 83%) and electricity ( n = 6; 86%). Only studies of clean fuels consistently achieved post-intervention kitchen PM 2.5 levels at or below the health-based WHO interim target level 1 (WHO-IT1) of 35 μ g m −3 . None of the advanced combustion stoves (gasifiers) achieved WHO-IT1, although no evidence was available for pellet fuelled stoves. For personal exposure to PM 2.5, none of the ICS ( n = 11) were close to WHO-IT1 whereas 75% ( n = 6 of 8) of LPG interventions were at or below WHO-IT1. Similar patterns were observed for CO, although most post-intervention levels achieved the WHO 24 h guideline level. While clean cooking fuel interventions (LPG, electric) significantly reduce kitchen concentrations and personal exposure to PM 2.5 in household settings, stove stacking and background levels of ambient air pollution, have likely prevented most clean fuel interventions from approaching WHO-IT1. In order to maximize health gains, a wholistic approach jointly targeting ambient and HAP should be followed in lower-and-middle income countries.
Journal Article
Stopping climate change : the case for hydrogen and coal
This book documents the advantages and limitations of various electricity generation methods. It illustrates how both electricity and motor fuel can be cost-effectively derived from coal, natural gas or other indigenous fuels, thereby eliminating our dependence on imported oil and the power of OPEC. It favours electricity generation systems powered exclusively by natural gas, coal, nuclear and renewables and motor vehicles powered by hydrogen (electricity from coal gasification with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) and hydrogen as the fuel powering fuel-cell electric vehicles produced from natural gas or by gasifying coal With CCS.) The book also demonstrates that the US can meet the Climate Change goal of reducing all greenhouse gases by 80% below 1990 levels in both the transportation and electric utility sectors using hydrogen and coal.
Book
New Adsorption Materials for Deep Desulfurization of Fuel Oil
In recent years, due to the rapid growth of mankind’s demand for energy, harmful gases (SOx) produced by the combustion of sulfur-containing compounds in fuel oil have caused serious problems to the ecological environment and human health. Therefore, in order to solve this hidden danger from the source, countries around the world have created increasingly strict standards for the sulfur content in fuel. Adsorption desulfurization technology has attracted wide attention due to its advantages of energy saving and low operating cost. This paper reviewed the latest research progress on various porous adsorption materials. The future challenges and research directions of adsorption materials to meet the needs of clean fuels are proposed.
Journal Article
Association of biomass fuel use with the risk of vision impairment among Chinese older adults: a cohort study
Cooking with biomass fuels has been reported to have adverse effects on health. This study aims to explore the association between cooking with biomass fuels and vision impairment among Chinese older adults aged 65 years and above. This cohort study drew on data from the 2011/2012 wave and the 2014 follow-up wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Participants’ visual function was examined through a vision screening test. Exposure to indoor biomass fuels was self-reported. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to explore the relationship between biomass fuel use and vision impairment. Additionally, we compared the risk of vision impairment between participants who switched cooking fuel types and those who did not. Subgroup and interaction analyses were conducted to explore the potential effect modifiers. A total of 4711 participants were included in this study. During the follow-up, 1053 (22.35%) participants developed vision impairment. Cooking with biomass fuels increased the risk of vision impairment by 40% (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21–1.61). Participants who switched from clean fuels to biomass fuels had a greater risk of vision impairment than persistent clean fuel users (HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.03–2.00). Greater effect estimates were found in participants who lived in eastern and central China and urban residents. Cooking with biomass fuels resulted in a greater risk of vision impairment among Chinese older adults. This risk also existed in those who changed their cooking fuels from clean fuels to biomass fuels. Further studies with an objective assessment of biomass fuel combustion are required to confirm our findings.
Journal Article
Clean cooking technologies, information, and communication technology and the environment
In recent years, researchers and politicians have become concerned about the ever-increasing energy consumption of ICT gadgets. Any effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions should take the ICT industry’s carbon emissions into account, given the widespread usage of ICT products across all economic sectors. Employing Driscoll-Kraay Panel Corrected Estimators for E7 economies from 2000 to 2020, we examine the direct impacts of ICT on ecology as well as the indirect implications through connections with the availability of clean fuel and technology for cooking and trade while also adjusting for population and renewable energy. From the empirical findings, it was observed that the two proxies of ICT services (i.e., internet-penetration and mobile-subscriptions) were negatively significantly connected with E7’s (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey) carbon emissions. Similarly, access to clean fuel and technologies for cooking and renewable energy decreases emission levels within the E7 economies, while trade openness and population growth increase emission levels within the said economies. Moreover, the method of moment quantile regression used as a robustness check affirms the baseline technique. According to the findings, the E7 economies can safely boost internet usage and associated technologies to lower emissions. They may lessen their negative impact on the ecosystem by increasing the utilization of renewable energy and expanding access to clean fuel and cooking technologies.
Journal Article
Influence of access to clean fuels and technology, food production index, consumer price index, and income on greenhouse gas emissions from food system: evidence from developed countries
Sustainable development objectives heavily promote the advancement of cleaner production technologies to reduce emissions and conserve the average world temperature. For the years 1990–2020, the USA, China, Japan, Russia, Germany, and Australia are studied by using the panel fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS). The results show that clean fuels and technologies and a consumer price index are helpful to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from food system which reduce environmental degradation. Contrarily, increased income and food production contribute to environmental deterioration. There are bidirectional Dumitrescu-Hurlin causal relationships between access to clean fuels and technology and greenhouse gas emissions from food system; real income and greenhouse gas emissions from food system; income and access to clean fuels and technology; income and consumer price index; and income and food production index. This research also revealed a unidirectional causation between the consumer price index and greenhouse gas emissions from food system; food production index and greenhouse gas emissions from food system; access to clean fuels and technology and the consumer price index; and access to clean fuels and technology and the food production index. These findings provide policymakers with relevant content: to promote the goal of green growth, the government should implement consistent measures to subsidize the food industry. Incorporating carbon pricing into food system emissions models would serve to lower production of polluting foods, which would enhance air quality indicators. Finally, a consumer price index should be controlled by controlling prices of green technologies in environmental modeling to improve sustainable development globally and reduce environmental pollution.
Journal Article
A Sustainable Integration Approach of Chlor-Alkali Industries for the Production of PVC and Clean Fuel Hydrogen: Prospects and Bangladesh Perspectives
The chlor-alkali industries produce caustic soda (NaOH), chlorine (Cl2), and hydrogen (H2) as primary products. In 2021, the global chlor-alkali market was valued at $63.2 billion. The article evaluates the global aspects of chlor-alkali industries and prospects for Bangladesh. The current production capacity of NaOH from the chlor-alkali industries in Bangladesh is around 282,150 metric tons/year (MT/y). The by-products, chlorine (Cl2) of 250,470 MT/y and hydrogen (H2) of 7055 MT/y, are produced domestically. The local demand of Cl2 is 68,779 MT/y. However, there are no systematic utilizations of the residual Cl2 and vented H2, which threatens the sustainability of the chlor-alkali industries. The article prefigures that a 150,000 MT/y PVC plant can utilize 45.2 % of residual Cl2 of chlor-alkali plants, which would be an economical and environmental milestone for Bangladesh. The residual Cl2 can earn revenue of 908 million USD/y, which can be utilized to import ethylene. For the sustainable utilization of vented H2, production of H2O2, fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) and H2 fuel-cell-based power plant are the feasible solutions. Thus, for the long-term growth of the chlor-alkali industry in Bangladesh and other developing countries, systematic utilization of Cl2 and H2 is the only feasible solution.
Journal Article
Household air pollution and association with heart disease among women in India: evidence from the nationally representative survey (NFHS-5)
Background
Based on an increased prevalence of chronic respiratory conditions among women of reproductive age, understanding the risk factors of heart disease is crucial to inform policy and program interventions to address the problem. In this study, we empirically assessed the associations of behavioural factors such as the use of cooking fuels, smoking behaviour, household air pollution (HAP), and various demographic and socioeconomic characteristics with the prevalence of heart diseases in women.
Methods
The data were derived from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted in 2019–2021. The effective sample size for the present study was 7,24,115 women aged 15–49 years in India. Descriptive statistics, along with bivariate analysis were conducted to find the preliminary results. Further, multivariable binary logistic regressions were conducted to find the relationship between heart disease and behavioural factors such as cooking fuel, smoking behaviour and HAP.
Results
It was revealed that women aged more than 29 years are at higher risk for heart disease (
p
< 0.05), irrespective of using clean cooking fuel (CCF) or polluting cooking fuel (PCF). Besides, women who are overweight (PCF = 1.15%;
p
< 0.05), have diabetes (PCF = 5.33%;
p
< 0.05), and have hypertension (PCF = 1.44%;
p
< 0.05) tend to have higher prevalence of risk of heart disease as they were using PCF. Furthermore, the odds ratio of heart disease was higher among women having exposure to smoking (OR:1.227; CI:1.130–1.333;
p
< 0.05), aged 45–49 (OR:2.474; CI:2.258–2.710;
p
< 0.05), lower education (OR:1.144; CI:1.048–1.249;
p
< 0.05), poorer wealth status (OR: 1.103; CI:1.011–1.203;
p
< 0.05), diabetes (OR: 4.677; CI: 4.297–5.09;
p
< 0.05), hypertension (OR: 1.48; CI: 1.386–1.58;
p
< 0.05) and current smoker (OR: 1.428; CI:1.304–1.565;
p
< 0.05).
Conclusion
The findings revealed that uses of PCF lead to HAP and is a contributing component to heart diseases. To address these challenges, the study suggests promoting alternative and CCF and raising awareness about the health hazards associated with HAP. Policy interventions focused on expanding access to clean fuels, and knowledge are crucial to achieving sustainable development goals and mitigating the impact of heart disease. Organizations dedicated to public health and environmental well-being should enhance efforts to promote the adoption of clean cooking alternatives, thereby reducing the burden of heart disease among women in India.
Journal Article
Identification and Characterization of Atmospheric Nickel-Containing Particles in Guangzhou After the Implementation of the Clean Fuel Policy
Nickel, as a toxic trace element in fine particulate matter (PM2.5), has detrimental effects on both air quality and human health. Based on measurements from 2020 to 2021 using a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS), this study investigates the properties of nickel-containing particles (NCPs) in Guangzhou. The composition, sources, and temporal trends of NCPs were evaluated and the impact of the clean ship fuel policy introduced in 2020 was also examined. The key findings include: (1) Nickel particles account for 0.08% number fraction of PM2.5, which is consistent with previously reported mass fraction in PM2.5. (2) Three distinct types of NCPs were identified, including Ni-fresh, Ni-aged, and Ni-ash. Each type exhibits unique characteristics in size distribution, wind direction dependence, sources, and temporal variations. Ni-fresh particles originate from shipping emissions in the Huangpu Port area 2 km away and are the major contributors to fine nickel particles in the region. (3) Ni-aged and Ni-ash particles, which carry secondary components, tend to be larger (>500 nm) and are representative of regional or background nickel particles. (4) The implementation of the clean ship fuel policy has effectively reduced the number concentrations of NCPs and is beneficial to regional and local air quality.
Journal Article