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Understanding and analysis : the California Air Resources Board forest offset protocol
This book is a product of the initial phase of a broader study evaluating the voluntary and regulatory compliance protocols that are used to account for the contributions of forests in U.S.-based greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation programs. The research presented here is particularly concerned with these protocols' use of the USDA Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data to describe forest conditions, ownership, and management scenarios, and is oriented towards providing regulators and other interested parties with an objective comparison of the options, uncertainties, and opportunities available to offset GHG emissions through forest management. Chapters focus on the protocols for recognizing forest carbon offsets in the California carbon cap-and-trade program, as described in the Compliance Offset Protocol; U.S. Forest Projects (California Air Resources Board, 2011). Readers will discover the protocols used for quantifying the offset of GHG emissions through forest-related project activity. As such, its scope includes a review of the current methods used in voluntary and compliance forest protocols, an evaluation of the metrics used to assign baselines and determine additionality in the forest offset protocols, an examination of key quantitative and qualitative components and assumptions, and a discussion of opportunities for modifying forest offset protocols, in light of the rapidly changing GHG-related policy and regulatory environment. Finally, the report also discusses accounting and policy issues that create potential barriers to participation in the California cap-and-trade program, and overall programmatic additionality in addressing the needs of a mitigation strategy.
Book
Forestry and environmental conditions as determinants of pine marten Martes martes occurrence in Norway
The European pine marten Martes martes is often associated with late seral stage coniferous forest stands. Earlier research has indicated that this species may be negatively influenced by clearcutting practices. However, the effects of current clearcutting methods on pine marten occurrence in conjunction with changing environmental conditions are not well known. In this study, we combined four complete years of nationwide data collected during a long-term camera trap (CT) monitoring program in Norway. We employed a multi-scale occupancy model to investigate the relationship of pine marten occurrence to clearcuts (regenerating stands [less than or equal to] 10 years old) and forests [greater than or equal to] 120 years old. We also examined pine marten detection in relation to habitat features (i.e. dominant microsite characteristics) and to varying snow depths and temperatures. We found no relationship between pine marten occurrence and the proportions of old forest and clearcuts at the landscape scale. At the habitat-patch scale, pine marten occurrence was positively associated with the presence of old forest patches and terrain ruggedness, but not with clearcuts [less than or equal to] 100 m from sites. At CT sites near clearcuts, the detection probability was negatively correlated with snow depth. In contrast, pine marten occurrence was positively associated with snow depth at CT sites > 100 m from clearcuts. Furthermore, the detection probability increased with temperature and the presence of boulders at CT sites. Boulders may provide important access points for foraging, and cover for resting and predator avoidance. While previous studies indicate that pine martens prefer older forest and avoid clearcuts, the current level and scale of clearcutting in Norway does not appear to influence its occurrence at the landscape scale.
Journal Article
Dynamics of medical plants in the course of regeneration successions after clear cutting
The goal of the study was to elucidate the peculiarities of changes in the coverage of medical plants in the course of regeneration successions after clear cutting. 650 sample plots of different stages of succession and types of forest growing conditions were analyzed. It appeared that some species increased their coverage and some of them decreased it. The large group of species did not react to the cutting of the stand.
Journal Article
Ecosystem management as a wicked problem
Ecosystems are self-regulating systems that provide societies with food, water, timber, and other resources. As demands for resources increase, management decisions are replacing self-regulating properties. Counter to previous technical approaches that applied simple formulas to estimate sustainable yields of single species, current research recognizes the inherent complexity of ecosystems and the inability to foresee all consequences of interventions across different spatial, temporal, and administrative scales. Ecosystem management is thus more realistically seen as a “wicked problem” that has no clear-cut solution. Approaches for addressing such problems include multisector decision-making, institutions that enable management to span across administrative boundaries, adaptive management, markets that incorporate natural capital, and collaborative processes to engage diverse stakeholders and address inequalities. Ecosystem management must avoid two traps: falsely assuming a tame solution and inaction from overwhelming complexity. An incremental approach can help to avoid these traps.
Journal Article
Meta-analysis shows the impacts of ecological restoration on greenhouse gas emissions
International initiatives set ambitious targets for ecological restoration, which is considered a promising greenhouse gas mitigation strategy. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis to quantify the impacts of ecological restoration on greenhouse gas emissions using a dataset compiled from 253 articles. Our findings reveal that forest and grassland restoration increase CH
4
uptake by 90.0% and 30.8%, respectively, mainly due to changes in soil properties. Conversely, wetland restoration increases CH
4
emissions by 544.4%, primarily attributable to elevated water table depth. Forest and grassland restoration have no significant effect on N
2
O emissions, while wetland restoration reduces N
2
O emissions by 68.6%. Wetland restoration enhances net CO
2
uptake, and the transition from net CO
2
sources to net sinks takes approximately 4 years following restoration. The net ecosystem CO
2
exchange of the restored forests decreases with restoration age, and the transition from net CO
2
sources to net sinks takes about 3-5 years for afforestation and reforestation sites, and 6-13 years for clear-cutting and post-fire sites. Overall, forest, grassland and wetland restoration decrease the global warming potentials by 327.7%, 157.7% and 62.0% compared with their paired control ecosystems, respectively. Our findings suggest that afforestation, reforestation, rewetting drained wetlands, and restoring degraded grasslands through grazing exclusion, reducing grazing intensity, or converting croplands to grasslands can effectively mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
International initiatives set ambitious targets for ecological restoration. Here, the authors conduct a meta-analysis to quantify the impacts of ecological restoration on greenhouse gas emissions and find that forest, grassland, and wetland restoration reduce global warming potential.
Journal Article
The method of using the harvester for logging in cutting areas with soft terrain
Article materials relate to the forest industry and can be used in logging operations on cutting sites with soft terrain. The result of the research is a developed technological scheme for the movement of the harvester and forwarder in the cutting area It allows you to reduce the number of skidding trails for moving the forwarder on logging sites with soft terrain, which are able to provide a one-time movement of a harvester, but require additional costs for strengthening of skidding trails for multiple movements of a forwarder. The forwarder works only on skidding trails that are located at distances from each other equal to ten distances of movement of harvester manipulator. This helps to reduce the cost of transport operations on cutting areas with soft terrain. The proposed technology can be used for clear cutting in cutting areas with soft terrain.
Journal Article
Impact of Forest Management on Species Richness: Global Meta-Analysis and Economic Trade-Offs
Forests managed for timber have an important role to play in conserving global biodiversity. We evaluated the most common timber production systems worldwide in terms of their impact on local species richness by conducting a categorical meta-analysis. We reviewed 287 published studies containing 1008 comparisons of species richness in managed and unmanaged forests and derived management, taxon and continent specific effect sizes. We show that in terms of local species richness loss, forest management types can be ranked, from best to worse, as follows: selection and retention systems, reduced impact logging, conventional selective logging, clear-cutting, agroforestry, timber plantations, fuelwood plantations. Next, we calculated the economic profitability in terms of the net present value of timber harvesting from 10 hypothetical wood-producing Forest Management Units (FMU) from around the globe. The ranking of management types is altered when the species loss per unit profit generated from the FMU is considered. This is due to differences in yield, timber species prices, rotation cycle length and production costs. We thus conclude that it would be erroneous to dismiss or prioritize timber production regimes, based solely on their ranking of alpha diversity impacts.
Journal Article
Dynamics of Leaf-Litter Biomass, Nutrient Resorption Efficiency and Decomposition in a Moso Bamboo Forest After Strip Clearcutting
Strip clearcutting can significantly reduce the harvesting costs of moso bamboo forests. Although bamboo is characterized by rapid accumulation of biomass, it is still a concern that this management method may reduce long-term productivity. Nutrient cycling has long been considered essential for forests to maintain high primary productivity. However, nutrient cycling of bamboo forests after strip cutting has not been previously reported. We conducted a strip clearcutting experiment and surveyed the litter dynamics for 1 year. We assessed changes in litter nutrients in response to the cutting and calculated the nutrient resorption efficiency and litter decomposition rate to evaluate the effect on nutrient use efficiency and nutrient return. Our results showed that strip cutting had no significant effect on litter production and nutrient return in the moso bamboo forest ( p > 0.05). However, annual litter biomass and nutrient return in reserved belts (RB) were significantly higher than those in the control (CK) ( p < 0.05). P and K resorption efficiencies in RB were significantly higher than in CK during certain periods of bamboo growth ( p < 0.05). We also observed that the annual decay constant of CK was significantly higher than that of plots that were strip clearcut (SC) ( p < 0.05). Our results suggest that strip cutting does not affect nutrient use efficiency or storage in the short term.
Journal Article
Retention Forestry to Maintain Multifunctional Forests: A World Perspective
The majority of the world's forests are used for multiple purposes, which often include the potentially conflicting goals of timber production and biodiversity conservation. A scientifically validated management approach that can reduce such conflicts is retention forestry, an approach modeled on natural processes, which emerged in the last 25 years as an alternative to clearcutting. A portion of the original stand is left unlogged to maintain the continuity of structural and compositional diversity. We detail retention forestry's ecological role, review its current practices, and summarize the large research base on the subject. Retention forestry is applicable to all forest biomes, complements conservation in reserves, and represents bottom-up conservation through forest manager involvement. A research challenge is to identify thresholds for retention amounts to achieve desired outcomes. We define key issues for future development and link retention forestry with land-zoning allocation at various scales, expanding its uses to forest restoration and the management of uneven—age forests.
Journal Article
Test results of a universal woody green separator
The paper presents the test results of the universal woody green separator “Sibirika 21”, which uses a replaceable knife and brush type drum as a working element. The separator was tested at an active clearcutting area of mature and overmature stands at the following coordinates: By. region, Krapivinsky district, Krapivinsky forestry, Ivanovskoye tract, block No. 16, section No. 17. During testing, it was found that for deciduous trees it is preferable to use a brush drum. In this case, for example, for birch, it was possible to obtain woody greens with 100% purity. As a brush material, it is preferable to use twisted nylon fibers with a square cross-section and a side of 3 mm. When harvesting coniferous foot, the best productivity (up to 600 kg person/hour) and cleanliness (82%) is ensured when using a knife drum.
Journal Article