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"coastal engineering"
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Hard Structures for Coastal Protection, Towards Greener Designs
Over recent years, many coastal engineering projects have employed the use of soft solutions as these are generally less environmentally damaging than hard solutions. However, in some cases, local conditions hinder the use of soft solutions, meaning that hard solutions have to be adopted or, sometimes, a combination of hard and soft measures is seen as optimal. This research reviews the use of hard coastal structures on the foreshore (groynes, breakwaters and jetties) and onshore (seawalls and dikes). The purpose, functioning and local conditions for which these structures are most suitable are outlined. A description is provided on the negative effects that these structures may have on morphological, hydrodynamic and ecological conditions. To reduce or mitigate these negative impacts, or to create new ecosystem services, the following nature-based adaptations are proposed and discussed: (1) applying soft solutions complementary to hard solutions, (2) mitigating morphological and hydrodynamic changes and (3) ecologically enhancing hard coastal structures. The selection and also the success of these potential adaptations are highly dependent on local conditions, such as hydrodynamic forcing, spatial requirements and socioeconomic factors. The overview provided in this paper aims to offer an interdisciplinary understanding, by giving general guidance on which type of solution is suitable for given characteristics, taking into consideration all aspects that are key for environmentally sensitive coastal designs. Overall, this study aims to provide guidance at the interdisciplinary design stage of nature-based coastal defence structures.
Journal Article
A Concerted and Equitable Approach to Managed Retreat
Climate-driven migration within the US is not new. The westward migration of 2.5 million people, mostly low-income farm families, from the Dust Bowl region remains a powerful image of environmental and economic disaster during the Great Depression. Today, migration on a similar scale triggered by rising sea levels is on the horizon. Forty percent of the US population lives in coastal areas. Because sea levels are expected to rise by up to six feet by 2100, millions of people may be forced to relocate. Economically and politically disenfranchised people and communities will suffer the brunt of this climate migration. US policies for addressing climate migration focus on disaster response efforts and to a lesser extent on managed retreat, but none provide much support for the most at-risk populations.
Journal Article
Does the Functional Richness of Plants Reduce Wave Erosion on Embryo Coastal Dunes?
Coastal erosion is a natural process, whose intensity and occurrence have increased due to natural and anthropogenic factors. To protect the coasts, the use of hard infrastructure is a widespread practice that can be effective, mostly at a local scale. However, recent evidence also shows that downstream erosion can be accelerated in adjacent zones. Because of this, natural barriers such as coastal dunes and their plant cover have gained attention, but there is a general lack of information about the role that different species (and combinations of species) play in coastal protection. The aim of this study was to explore if the functional richness of plant species helps reduce wave erosion on embryo coastal dunes. In a wave flume, we set up a 1:1 scale artificial dune covered with different combinations of plant species (Ipomoeae pes-caprae, Sesuvium portulacastrum, and Sporobolus virginicus) and exposed it to simulated “storm waves”. We found that erosion was reduced in dunes covered by plants, but such protection was species-specific and the effectiveness of protection varied over time. Ipomoea was the most effective specie for protection. Differences between species and combinations of species were associated with their physical attributes such as growth form and plant architecture. Although we found that there are species that offer little or no protection from hydrodynamic forces, they may still be important for coastal protection through their ability to build embryo dunes through eolian processes. Indeed, naturebased coastal protection is likely to be an effective alternative to engineered solutions at many sites, but the protection provided is species-specific.
Journal Article
Modelling for Coastal Hydraulics and Engineering
Mechanistic models are often employed to simulate processes in coastal environments. However, these predictive tools are highly specialized, involve certain assumptions and limitations, and can be manipulated only by experienced engineers who have a thorough understanding of the underlying principles. This results in significant constraints on thei
eBook
Modeling coastal and marine processes
\"Modeling is now an accepted part in the understanding, prediction and planning of environmental strategies. Perfect for undergraduate students and non-specialist readers, Modeling Coastal and Marine Processes (2nd Edition) offers an introduction into how coastal and marine models are constructed and used. The mathematics, statistics and numerical techniques used are explained in the first few chapters, making this book accessible to those without a high-level maths background. Later chapters cover modeling sea bed friction, tides, shallow sea dynamics, and ecosystem dynamics. Importantly, there is also a chapter on modeling the impact of climate change on coastal and near shore processes. New to this revised edition is a chapter on tides, tsunamis and the prediction of sea level, and additional material on the new application of the numerical techniques: flux corrected transport, finite volumes and adaptive grids to coastal and marine modeling\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Swelling Behavior of Soils Due to Changes in Ionic Concentration of Pore-Water
Fine clastic-clay-mineral soils can be found in marine sediments and discontinuous fault or cracks in rocks. Swelling clays such as montmorillonite, which absorb pore water and show high swelling characteristics, would be problematic for stable mechanical behaviors in geotechnical engineering applications. To anticipate swelling behavior considering ionic concentrations in pore water fluids, swelling tests at different ionic concentrations of pore fluids were conducted with clay mineral soils (kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite) and naturals soils from deposits near Nakdong River. Index properties such as liquid limit and plastic limit test were performed to present relationship between the swelling and consistency. The experimental results present changes in swelling due to pore water displacements or contaminant transports. Montmorillonite shows 114~152% of swelling in deionized water but 0.83~4.54% in 1 M salt water, which is significant changes in swelling compared to kaolinite and illite soils. Fine-grained soils without montmorillonite would show low swelling even though the soils have other clay minerals such as kaolinite and illite.
Journal Article