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PurposeLow energy availability in males needs more original research to understand its health and performance consequences. The aim of the study was to induce low energy availability in previously healthy male endurance athletes by reducing energy availability by 25% for 14 consecutive days and measure any potential changes in performance, health, mental state or energy markers.MethodsEnergy availability was reduced in 12 trained, well-trained and elite endurance athletes by increasing energy expenditure and controlling energy intake. After intervention, health was assessed by blood draw, body composition was measured, energy markers by measuring resting energy expenditure, performance with three specific tests (measuring endurance, agility and explosive power) and two questionnaires were used for psychological assessment (the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and Well-being questionnaire).ResultsReduced energy availability (22.4 ± 6.3 kcal/kg FFM/day) caused significantly lower haemoglobin values (t(12) = 2.652, p = 0.022), there was a tendency for lower iron and IGF-1 (p = 0.066 and p = 0.077, respectively). Explosive power was reduced (t(12) = 4.570, p = 0.001), lactate metabolism was altered and athletes reported poorer well-being (t(12) = 2.385, p = 0.036). Cognitive restriction was correlated with energy availability (r = 0.528, p = 0.039).ConclusionThis is the first research providing direct evidence that suboptimal energy availability negatively impacts explosive power before hormonal changes occur in male endurance athletes. It is also the first to show direct association of low energy availability and higher cognitive restriction. We also observed worse well-being and lower haemoglobin values. 25% of energy availability reduction as not enough to elicit changes in resting energy expenditure.

About one-third of older adults aged 65 years and older often have mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Acoustic and psycho-linguistic features derived from conversation may be of great diagnostic value because speech involves verbal memory and cognitive and neuromuscular processes. The relative decline in these processes, however, may not be linear and remains understudied. This study aims to establish associations between cognitive abilities and various attributes of speech and natural language production. To date, the majority of research has been cross-sectional, relying mostly on data from structured interactions and restricted to textual versus acoustic analyses. In a sample of 71 older (mean age 83.3, SD 7.0 years) community-dwelling adults who completed qualitative interviews and cognitive testing, we investigated the performance of both acoustic and psycholinguistic features associated with cognitive deficits contemporaneously and at a 1-2 years follow up (mean follow-up time 512.3, SD 84.5 days). Combined acoustic and psycholinguistic features achieved high performance (F -scores 0.73-0.86) and sensitivity (up to 0.90) in estimating cognitive deficits across multiple domains. Performance remained high when acoustic and psycholinguistic features were used to predict follow-up cognitive performance. The psycholinguistic features that were most successful at classifying high cognitive impairment reflected vocabulary richness, the quantity of speech produced, and the fragmentation of speech, whereas the analogous top-ranked acoustic features reflected breathing and nonverbal vocalizations such as giggles or laughter. These results suggest that both acoustic and psycholinguistic features extracted from qualitative interviews may be reliable markers of cognitive deficits in late life.

Purpose Mukbang, defined as an audio–visual broadcast in which broadcasters commonly eat large portions of tasty food, is a sociocultural trend that can be associated with eating disorders. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of watching mukbang on eating attitudes through uncontrolled eating, cognitive restriction, and emotional eating. Methods Questionnaire was included the mukbang addiction scale to assess problematic mukbang viewing, the eating attitude test (EAT-26) to assess eating attitudes, and the three-factor eating scale to assess eating behaviours. The direct and indirect effects of mukbang addiction on eating attitudes were evaluated by meditation analysis. Statistical analyses of the data were conducted using IBM SPSS version 24 and PROCESS v4.0 by Andrew Hayes. Results This study was carried out with a total of 329 university students. Mukbang addiction scale, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating factor scores were found to be significantly higher in those with disordered eating attitudes than those with normal eating attitudes ( p < 0.05). Mukbang addiction score had a significant direct effect on the eating attitudes score ( β = 0.772, p < 0.001), but \"uncontrolled eating\" and \"emotional eating\" factors did not have a significant mediator role in this effect. An increase of a one-unit in the mukbang addiction score causes an increase of 0.82 units in the eating attitudes score ( p < 0.001). There was no significant relationship between the “cognitive restriction” factor and the scales used ( p > 0.05); therefore, it is not included in the mediator variable analysis. Conclusions These findings suggest an association between problematic mukbang viewing and eating attitudes; however, it remains unclear whether this relationship is causal or a consequence of underlying conditions. The absence of significant mediation of uncontrolled and emotional eating in this effect suggests that further studies are needed to understand the possible mechanisms. This study is based on a cross-sectional design and is classified as level of evidence 4.

Background Many women may change their eating behaviors and exhibit different behaviors during their premenstrual period. Although there are studies evaluating the nutritional status of women with premenstrual syndrome in the literature, a limited number of studies evaluate the eating behaviors of these women. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms, anthropometric measurements, and eating behaviors in women of childbearing age. Methods The study was conducted with 351 adult women aged 18–49 years. Data were collected through a face-to-face questionnaire form. Participants’ sociodemographic characteristics, eating behaviors, and PMS symptoms were determined using a questionnaire. In addition, the participants’ anthropometric measurements (body weight, height, and waist circumference) were taken. The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) was used to evaluate eating behaviors. The premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS) was used to determine the severity of PMS. Results Individuals with PMS-positive had higher scores for uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, and cognitive restriction than PMS-negative ( p  < 0.05). It was determined that age, body mass index (BMI), and Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS) total score affected uncontrolled eating and emotional eating ( p  < 0.05). BMI and PMSS total score were determined to affect cognitive restriction ( p  < 0.05). Conclusions In conclusion, the present study showed that PMS affects eating behaviors in adult women. Both PMS and eating disorders are factors that can negatively affect daily life. Therefore, it is important to investigate and correctly define the relationship between them in terms of increasing women’s quality of life. Comprehensive intervention studies are also needed in this regard. We think that our study can shed light on these further studies.

Background Low energy availability in male athletes has gained a lot of attention in recent years, but direct evidence of its effects on health and performance is lacking. The aim of this research was to objectively measure energy availability (EA) in healthy male endurance athletes without pre-existing relative energy deficiency signs during pre-race season. Methods Twelve trained endurance athletes (performance level 3, 4, and 5) participated in the cross-sectional controlled laboratory study. Fat-free mass, exercise energy expenditure, and energy intake were measured to calculate EA. Resting energy expenditure was measured and estimated to assess energy conservation. Three specific performance tests were used to assess endurance, agility, and explosive strength performance. For psychological evaluation, the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and a short Well-being questionnaire were completed. Results Mean EA was 29.5 kcal/kg FFM/day. The majority (66.6%) had EA under the threshold for low EA in females. Critical cognitive restraint (≥13) was reported by 75% of participants. There were no differences in performance, blood values, or psychological evaluation when subjects were divided into two groups divided by EA = 30 kcal/kg FFM/day. Cognitive restraint was negatively associated with measured resting energy expenditure and energy conservation ( r  = −.578, p  = .025 and r  = −.549, p  = .032, respectively). Conclusions The mean EA measured in this study supports the theory that the threshold for low EA in endurance male athletes might be under the threshold for females. In addition, we confirmed cognitive restraint could be useful for early detection of energy conservation. The high cognitive restraint as measured in our sample stressed the need of eating behavior screening in endurance athletes in order to reduce risk of any disordered eating patterns.

This chapter contains sections titled: Chapter overview Introduction The impact of mental illness on employment Employment restrictions among people with mental illness The impact of mental illness on education and vocational training The need for specialised treatments to reduce employment restrictions Capacity and desire for work Value of employment Reducing workplace and community stigma How mental illness produces barriers to employment Cognitive impairments Other clinical symptoms The episodic nature of the disorders Treatment interventions as indirect barriers to employment Low vocational expectations by health professionals Community stigma Workplace stigma Career immaturity Subjective experiences and personal resources Vocational interventions and a recovery framework How employment and education contribute to recovery Evidence‐based vocational interventions Unique principles of transitional employment Principles of specialised supported employment Emerging candidates for evidence‐based components Conclusions References

A 3-year trial involving persons with a family history of dementia showed no differences in cognitive change or brain MRI outcomes between the MIND diet, designed for neuroprotection, and a control diet.

The post-lunch dip in cognition is a well-established phenomenon of decreased alertness, memory and vigilance after lunch consumption. Lunch composition reportedly influences the post-lunch dip. Moreover, dieting is associated with cognitive function impairments. The negative effects of dieting have been reversed with nut-supplemented diets. The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate the acute effect of an almond-enriched high-fat lunch or high-carbohydrate lunch on the post-lunch decline in cognitive function, and (2) evaluate the effects of chronic almond consumption as part of an energy-restricted diet on the memory and attention domains of cognitive function. In total, eighty-six overweight and obese adults were randomised to consume either an almond-enriched diet (AED) or a nut-free control diet (NFD) over a 12-week weight loss intervention. Participants were also randomised to receive either an almond-enriched high-fat lunch (A-HFL) (>55 % energy from fat, almonds contributing 70–75 % energy) or a high-carbohydrate lunch (HCL) (>85 % energy from carbohydrates) at the beginning and end of the weight loss intervention. Memory and attention performance indices decreased after lunch consumption (P<0·001). The A-HFL group ameliorated the decline in memory scores by 57·7 % compared with the HCL group (P=0·004). Both lunch groups had similar declines in attention. Moreover, memory and attention performance indices increased after the 12-week intervention period (P<0·05) with no difference between the AED and NFD groups. In conclusion, almond consumption at a midday meal can reduce the post-lunch dip in memory. However, long-term almond consumption may not further improve cognitive function outcomes in a weight loss intervention.

Most people will at some point experience not getting enough sleep over a period of days, weeks, or months. However, the effects of this kind of everyday sleep restriction on high-level cognitive abilities-such as the ability to store and recall information in memory, solve problems, and communicate-remain poorly understood. In a global sample of over 10000 people, we demonstrated that cognitive performance, measured using a set of 12 well-established tests, is impaired in people who reported typically sleeping less, or more, than 7-8 hours per night-which was roughly half the sample. Crucially, performance was not impaired evenly across all cognitive domains. Typical sleep duration had no bearing on short-term memory performance, unlike reasoning and verbal skills, which were impaired by too little, or too much, sleep. In terms of overall cognition, a self-reported typical sleep duration of 4 hours per night was equivalent to aging 8 years. Also, sleeping more than usual the night before testing (closer to the optimal amount) was associated with better performance, suggesting that a single night's sleep can benefit cognition. The relationship between sleep and cognition was invariant with respect to age, suggesting that the optimal amount of sleep is similar for all adult age groups, and that sleep-related impairments in cognition affect all ages equally. These findings have significant real-world implications, because many people, including those in positions of responsibility, operate on very little sleep and may suffer from impaired reasoning, problem-solving, and communications skills on a daily basis.

Backgrounds Dementia can impose a heavy economic burden on both society and families. Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, is a complex neurodegenerative disease characterized by the abnormal deposition of extracellular amyloid β‐protein (Aβ) and the aggregation of intracellular Tau protein to form neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Given the limited efficacy of pharmacological treatment, scientists have already paid more attention to non‐pharmacological strategies, including dietary restriction (DR). DR refers to a nutritional paradigm aimed at promoting overall health by modifying the balance between energy consumption and expenditure. Studies have demonstrated that DR effectively extends the healthy lifespan, delays the aging process, and achieves promising results in the prevention and treatment of AD in preclinical studies. Methods In this review we collected related studies and viewpoints by searching on PubMed database using the keywords. Most of the citations were published between 2015 and 2025. A few older literatures were also included due to their relevance and significance in this field. Results We first provide a concise overview of the current therapeutic and preventive strategies for AD. Then, we introduce several specific DR protocols and their favorable effects on AD. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms underlying the benefits of DR on AD are discussed. Finally, we briefly highlight the role of DR in maintaining brain health. Conclusion This review may offer valuable insights into the development of innovative non‐pharmacological strategies for AD treatment. This review explores the role of dietary restriction as a non‐pharmacological strategy in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease, focusing on its potential mechanisms and its association with AD pathologies.