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Este estudio explora los desafíos de la convivencia entre los pasajeros del subterráneo de Buenos Aires. Se centra en analizar los problemas de convivencia, percepciones y participación en conflictos, así como la tolerancia hacia la transgresión de las normas. Una encuesta on-line con 768 usuarios reveló que los conflictos entre pasajeros reproducen la violencia y crean un clima social de maltrato, normalizando comportamientos irrespetuosos. Los participantes reportaron un ambiente estresante que lleva a comportamientos contradictorios: son tanto vigilantes como distantes, prestando menos atención a las necesidades de los demás y mostrando mayor tolerancia hacia comportamientos incívicos. Los hallazgos sugieren que la falta de adhesión a las normas sociales exacerba la atmósfera tensa, destacando la necesidad de mejor regulación y cumplimiento para mejorar la convivencia entre pasajeros. Palabras clave: convivência, metro, normas, transgresión, violencia This study explores the coexistence challenges among Buenos Aires subway passengers. It focuses on analyzing coexistence problems, perceptions, and participation in conflicts, as well as tolerance towards norm deviations. An online survey with 768 riders revealed that conflicts among passengers reproduce violence and create a social climate of mistreatment, normalizing disrespectful behaviors. Participants reported a stressful environment leading to contradictory behaviors: they are both vigilant and detached, paying less attention to others' needs and more tolerance towards uncivil behavior. The findings suggest that the lack of adherence to social norms exacerbates the tense atmosphere, highlighting the need for better regulation and enforcement to improve passenger coexistence. Keywords: coexistence, norms, subway, transgression, violence Este estudo explora os desafios da convivência entre os passageiros do metrô de Buenos Aires. Ele se concentra em analisar os problemas de convivência, percepções e participação em conflitos, bem como a tolerância em relação à transgressão das normas. Uma pesquisa online com 768 usuários revelou que os conflitos entre passageiros reproduzem a violência e criam um clima social de maus-tratos, normalizando comportamentos desrespeitosos. Os participantes relataram um ambiente estressante que leva a comportamentos contraditórios: são tanto vigilantes quanto distantes, prestando menos atenção às necessidades dos outros e mostrando maior tolerância para com comportamentos incivilizados. Os resultados sugerem que a falta de adesão às normas sociais exacerba a atmosfera tensa, destacando a necessidade de melhor regulação e cumprimento para melhorar a convivência entre os passageiros. Palavras-chave: Convivência, metrô, normas, transgressão, violência. Cette étude explore les défis de la cohabitation entre les passagers du métro de Buenos Aires. Elle se concentre sur l'analyse des problèmes de coexistence, des perceptions et de la participation aux conflits, ainsi que de la tolérance à l'égard des transgressions des règles. Une enquête en ligne auprès de 768 utilisateurs a révélé que les conflits entre passagers reproduisent la violence et créent un climat social de maltraitance, normalisant ainsi les comportements irrespectueux. Les participants ont rapporté une ambiance stressante qui conduit à des comportements contradictoires: ils sont à la fois vigilants et distants, prêtant moins attention aux besoins des autres et faisant preuve dune plus grande tolérance envers les comportements inciviques. Les résultats suggèrent que le manque d'adhésion aux normes sociales exacerbe l'atmosphère tendue, soulignant la nécessité d'une meilleure réglementation et dun respect accru pour améliorer la cohabitation entre les passagers. Mots-clés: Cohabitation, métro, règles, transgression, violence

BackgroundBy regulating behaviour at household level, COVID-19 restrictions drastically altered relationships. Given strong links between intimate relationships and health, we investigated how the pandemic impacted relational and sexual aspects of steady relationships in Britain in the 4-months following first national lockdown (23/3/2020).Methods6,657 participants aged 18–59 years completed a web-panel survey questionnaire between 29/7–10/8/20. A quasi-representative population sample was achieved via quotas and weighting. We analysed sexual activity by age, gender and cohabitation status, and used descriptive statistics and logistic regression to explore self-perceived changes in sex and relationship quality among those in steady relationships (n=4,271).ResultsOf the full sample, 64.2% were in a steady relationship, mostly cohabiting (88.8%). Following lockdown, 48.9% of those in cohabitating relationships and 36.4% in non-cohabiting relationships reported sex (anal/vaginal/oral) at least weekly. Frequency of sexual activity varied by age, gender and cohabitation status. The majority reported no change in their sex life and relational quality compared with the months pre-lockdown. Among those perceiving change, quality of sex life was more commonly reported to deteriorate, whereas quality of relationship was more commonly reported to improve. Change – both positive and negative – was more commonly reported by younger people. Overall, 7% reported deterioration to a ‘lower quality’ relationship, with deterioration more commonly reported by those: in mid-life (35–44 vs. 45–59) (men, AOR:2.31; 95%CI:1.45–3.66; women, AOR=1.63; 95%CI:1.03–2.56); living in an urban area (among men) (AOR:2.61; 95%CI:1.15–5.90); and not living with a partner (among women) (AOR:2.01; 95%CI:1.28–3.16). Deterioration was associated with poor health and with decline in sexual aspects of the relationship.ConclusionCOVID-19 led to an early net gain in relationship quality but net loss in quality of sex lives in steady relationships in UK. A sizeable minority of steady relationships were adversely affected with implications for sexual – and wider – wellbeing.

Cohabitation has surpassed marriage as the most common union experience in young adulthood. We capitalize on a new opportunity to examine both marital and cohabitation expectations among young single women in recently collected, nationally representative data (National Survey of Family Growth 2011-2015) (N = 1467). In the US there appears to be a 'stalled' second demographic transition as single young adult (ages 18-24) women have stronger expectations to marry than cohabit and the vast majority expects to, or has, already married. Among young women expecting to marry, the majority (68%) expect to cohabit with their future spouse but about one-third expect to follow a traditional relationship pathway into marriage (to marry without cohabiting first). In addition, women from disadvantaged backgrounds report the lowest expectations to marry, but there is no education gradient in expectations to cohabit. Marriage expectations follow a \"diverging destinies\" pattern, which stresses a growing educational divide, but this is not the case for cohabitation expectations. Our results, based on recently collected data, provide insight into the contemporary context of union formation decision-making for the millennial generation.

Early Chinese and Italian reports associated increasing age, male sex, smoking, and cardiometabolic comorbidity with adverse outcomes.1 Striking differences between Chinese and Italian mortality indicate ethnicity might affect disease outcome, but there is little to no data to support or refute this. Individuals from different ethnic backgrounds vary in behaviours, comorbidities, immune profiles, and risk of infection, as exemplified by the increased morbidity and mortality in black and minority ethnic (BME) communities in previous pandemics.3 As COVID-19 spreads to areas with large cosmopolitan populations, understanding how ethnicity affects COVID-19 outcomes is essential. Specific ethnic groups, such as south Asians, have higher rates of some comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, which have been associated with severe disease and mortality in COVID-19.7 Ethnicity could interplay with virus spread through cultural, behavioural, and societal differences including lower socioeconomic status, health-seeking behaviour, and intergenerational cohabitation.

Debate regarding how to conduct digital anthropology is currently contested, with two primary methodologies emerging: researchers who conduct projects wholly in cyberspace, and those who look at the use of digital technologies by their informants, contextualised in the offline world. This paper suggests a third way, arguing that immersive cohabitation is possible where online and offline fieldsites are viewed as part of a larger blended field. This paper builds on two years’ ethnographic fieldwork with Instagram to call for immersive cohabitation as a new method to be considered by digital anthropologists and ethnographers. Further to this blended approach, this paper argues for a move beyond participant observation to working as observing participants in the virtual. This dual approach restructures current anthropological methods for digital working to enhance the quality and depth of data collection whilst ensuring the continued currency of the anthropologist in a rapidly modernising and increasingly digitised world.

The gut microbiome is associated with diverse diseases 1 – 3 , but a universal signature of a healthy or unhealthy microbiome has not been identified, and there is a need to understand how genetics, exposome, lifestyle and diet shape the microbiome in health and disease. Here we profiled bacterial composition, function, antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in the gut microbiomes of 8,208 Dutch individuals from a three-generational cohort comprising 2,756 families. We correlated these to 241 host and environmental factors, including physical and mental health, use of medication, diet, socioeconomic factors and childhood and current exposome. We identify that the microbiome is shaped primarily by the environment and cohabitation. Only around 6.6% of taxa are heritable, whereas the variance of around 48.6% of taxa is significantly explained by cohabitation. By identifying 2,856 associations between the microbiome and health, we find that seemingly unrelated diseases share a common microbiome signature that is independent of comorbidities. Furthermore, we identify 7,519 associations between microbiome features and diet, socioeconomics and early life and current exposome, with numerous early-life and current factors being significantly associated with microbiome function and composition. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of gut microbiome and the underlying impact of heritability and exposures that will facilitate future development of microbiome-targeted therapies. A study in which gut microbiomes of 8,208 individuals from 2,756 families were characterized and correlated to 241 host and environmental factors defines microbiome patterns shared across diverse diseases and shows that the microbiome is shaped largely by environment and cohabitation.

The human microbiome is an integral component of the human body and a co-determinant of several health conditions 1 , 2 . However, the extent to which interpersonal relations shape the individual genetic makeup of the microbiome and its transmission within and across populations remains largely unknown 3 , 4 . Here, capitalizing on more than 9,700 human metagenomes and computational strain-level profiling, we detected extensive bacterial strain sharing across individuals (more than 10 million instances) with distinct mother-to-infant, intra-household and intra-population transmission patterns. Mother-to-infant gut microbiome transmission was considerable and stable during infancy (around 50% of the same strains among shared species (strain-sharing rate)) and remained detectable at older ages. By contrast, the transmission of the oral microbiome occurred largely horizontally and was enhanced by the duration of cohabitation. There was substantial strain sharing among cohabiting individuals, with 12% and 32% median strain-sharing rates for the gut and oral microbiomes, and time since cohabitation affected strain sharing more than age or genetics did. Bacterial strain sharing additionally recapitulated host population structures better than species-level profiles did. Finally, distinct taxa appeared as efficient spreaders across transmission modes and were associated with different predicted bacterial phenotypes linked with out-of-host survival capabilities. The extent of microorganism transmission that we describe underscores its relevance in human microbiome studies 5 , especially those on non-infectious, microbiome-associated diseases. Data from more than 9,700 human stool and oral metagenomes has been used to decipher the strain transmission patterns of the human microbiome from mother to infant, within households and within populations.

The authors review demographic trends and research on families in the United States, with a special focus on the past decade. They consider the following several topics: (a) marriage and remarriage, (b) divorce, (c) cohabitation, (d) fertility, (e) same‐gender unions, (f) immigrant families, and (g) children's living arrangements. Throughout, the authors review both overall trends and patterns as well as those by social class and race–ethnicity. The authors discuss major strands of recent research, emphasizing emerging themes and promising directions. They close with a summary of central patterns and trends and conclude that recent trends are not as uniform as they tended to be in earlier decades, making the description of family change increasingly complex.

Objective Drawing on the divorce‐stress‐adjustment framework, the authors assessed whether parent–adult child relationship dynamics, including disconnectedness from an adult child, exacerbates the negative impact of gray divorce on parental well‐being. Background Divorce after age 50 is increasingly common but the role of parent–child relationships in parents' adjustment to gray divorce is largely unknown. Method Using panel data from 1998 to 2018 Health and Retirement Study in the US, the authors estimated growth curve models to track depressive symptoms prior to, during, and after gray divorce among 930 gray divorced individuals. The authors examined whether the lack of any contact with an adult child in the past 12 months (i.e., parent–child disconnectedness) was associated with depressive symptoms trajectories surrounding divorce and subsequent repartnering. Results Having no contact with at least one adult child aggravated the negative effect of divorce on parent's mental health. This association was robust for mothers and fathers. Having no contact with at least one child, however, did not diminish the temporarily positive effect of subsequent repartnering on mental health. Conclusion The study contributes to the literature by showing that parent–child disconnectedness adds another blow to parents who are convalescing from divorce.

Nonmarital cohabitation and marriage are now fundamentally linked, a fact that is routinely reflected in current research on union formation. Unprecedented changes in the timing, duration, and sequencing of intimate co‐residential relationships have made the study of traditional marriage far more complex today than in the past. It is now clear that a white, middle‐class, American‐centric research template has become increasingly anachronistic. In this review article, we begin by providing an overview of contemporary theory, empirical approaches, and demographic trends in cohabitation and marriage, focusing primarily on the United States, but also distinguishing the U.S. from patterns found in other high‐income societies, including European countries, Canada, Australia, and in East Asia. We place the spotlight on the causes and consequences of union transitions. We identify the commonalities between cohabitation and marriage, but also key differences that are expressed unevenly across different populations and cultural groups. The rise in nonmarital cohabitation has upended conventional theoretical models and measurement approaches to the study of traditional marriage, complicating matters but also reinvigorating family scholarship on union formation and its implications for partners, children, and society.