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Debasement
The debasement of coinage, particularly of silver, was a common feature of pre-modern monetary systems. Most coinages were issued by state authorities and the condition of a coinage is often seen (rightly or wrongly) as an indicator of the broader fiscal health of the state that produced it. While in some cases the motives behind the debasements or reductions in standards are clear, in many cases the intentions of the issuing authorities are uncertain. Various explanations have been advanced: fiscal motives (such as a desire to profit or a to cover a deficit caused by the failure to balance expenditure and revenues); monetary motives (such as changing demand for coined money or a desire to maintain monetary stability in the face of changing values of raw materials or labour costs); pressure from groups within society that would profit from debasement; misconduct at the mint; or the decline of existing monetary standards due to circulation and wear of the coinage in circulation. Certain explanations have tended to gain favour with monetary historians of specific periods, partly reflecting the compartmentalization of scholarship. Thus the study of Roman debasements emphasizes fiscal deficits, whereas medievalists are often more prepared to consider monetary factors as contributing to debasements. To some extent these different approaches are a reflection of discrepancies in the amount of documentary evidence available for the respective periods, but the divide also underlines fundamentally different approaches to the function of coinage: Romanists have preferred to see coins as a medium for state payments; whereas medievalists have often emphasized exchange as an important function of currency. The volume is inter-disciplinary in scope. Apart from bringing together monetary historians of different periods, it also contains contributions from archaeometallurgists who have experience with the chemical and physical composition of coins and technical aspects of production of base alloys
eBook
Strangers in a Strange Land: The Identity of Galatian Rulers in Thrace and Anatolia at the Turn of the 3rd to the 2nd century BC
The Gallic invasion of Greece in 280/279 BC left a deep mark in the collective memory of the Greeks. From then on, they represented the Celts as the stereotypical ‘barbarians’ – primitive, wild, violent and without any culture of their own. As the newcomers had established permanent kingdoms in Thrace and Phrygia, however, both sides had to learn how to deal with each other. The paper asks how the rulers of the Galatians on both sides of the Bosporus handled this challenge and how this influenced their own identity. To go beyond existing research, the analysis draws both on the literary Greek sources and the coinage which the Eastern Celts started to produce themselves in the 3rd century BC. It will be shown that the Galatian elites quickly adapted to the political practices of the Hellenistic world and confidently asserted their own place within it, mixing their own customs with Greek and local (Thracian, Anatolian) elements to create a unique blend of identity. The Gallic invasion of Greece in 280/279 BC left a deep mark in the collective memory of the Greeks. From then on, they represented the Celts as the stereotypical ‘barbarians’ – primitive, wild, violent and without any culture of their own. As the newcomers had established permanent kingdoms in Thrace and Phrygia, however, both sides had to learn how to deal with each other. The paper asks how the rulers of the Galatians on both sides of the Bosporus handled this challenge and how this influenced their own identity. To go beyond existing research, the analysis draws both on the literary Greek sources and the coinage which the Eastern Celts started to produce in the 3rd century BC. It will be shown that the Galatian elites quickly adapted to the political practices of the Hellenistic world and confidently asserted their own place within it, mixing their own customs with Greek and local (Thracian, Anatolian) elements to create a unique blend of identity.
Journal Article
Light Up a Nanocluster
Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (MNCs) have emerged as tailorable luminescent materials with visible to near‐infrared emission modulated by core (kernel) size, metal composition, and ligand engineering. These ultrasmall clusters exhibit discrete quantum‐confined electronic states with strong spin–orbit coupling (SOC), enabling diverse emission pathways. Current research focuses on elucidating emission mechanisms and developing strategies to enhance fluorescence quantum yields. In this review, we emphasize structure–photoluminescence (PL) correlations and the underlying excited‐state origins of luminescence: (i) coinage‐metal clusters display multiple emissive channels—including prompt fluorescence, room‐temperature phosphorescence, and TADF; (ii) the electronic gap and thus emission energy is directly governed by core size and metal identity, with core shrinkage and enhanced SOC generally inducing red‐shifts; and (iii) ligand shell properties (identity/rigidity/packing) control charge‐transfer pathways and nonradiative decay, while heterometal doping or rigidification modulates state ordering to brighten emission without necessarily shifting band positions. Importantly, many clusters exhibit dual‐emission behavior. We propose a coupled core–shell emissive‐state model in which one band originates from metal‐core excitation and the other from a ligand‐ or motif‐centered charge‐transfer state. Finally, we outline future challenges: dissecting core versus shell contributions to PL and boosting quantum efficiency through targeted control of cluster composition and ligand shell. Progress on these fronts is crucial for the rational design of next‐generation cluster emitters.
Journal Article
The functions and use of Roman coinage: an overview of 21st century scholarship
In this publication Fleur Kemmers gives an overview of 21st century scholarship on Roman coinage for students and scholars in the fields of ancient history and Roman archaeology. First, it addresses the study of numismatics as a discipline and the theoretical and methodological advances of the last decades. Secondly, it provides guidelines on how to consult numismatic reference works, including those available online. Recent scholarly approaches and insights in the functions of Roman coins as both vehicles of political communication and instruments for state payments are critically assessed. Furthermore, the publication reviews the evidence for a conscious monetary policy on the part of the Roman authorities. Finally, the impact of Roman expansion and imperialism on monetisation and coin use in Rome's Empire is discussed.
Book
Synthesis of Alumanyl Silyl Coinage Metal Complexes and their Reactivity Toward CO2
Within this work, the straightforward synthesis of alumanyl silyl‐substituted coinage metal complexes (MCu (3a), Ag (3b), Au (3c)) from alumanyl silanide 1·Na·(DME)2 and easily accessible N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐stabilized coinage metal chlorides NHC‐M‐Cl (NHC = IiPrMe; MCu(2a), Ag(2b), Au(2c)) is reported. Multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and x‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveal an increase of the SiM bond strength in 3a‐c descending the group. Consequently, regioselective insertion of CO2 into the SiCu/SiAg bond of 3a and 3b is observed in addition to one molecule of CO2 being inserted between the N‐heterocyclic imine (NHI) ligand and the aluminum center yielding 4a and 4b. In case of 3c (Au), exclusive uptake of one CO2 molecule by the NHI ligand is observed based on XRD analysis and multinuclear NMR analysis. The formation of 4a‐c was studied in detail with labeled 13CO2. Alumanyl silyl‐substituted coinage metal complexes are synthesized and structurally characterized employing nuclear magnetic resonance and x‐ray diffraction measurements. The substituent effect of the silyl group on the respective coinage metal centers is investigated by regioselective CO2 capturing.
Journal Article
Light Up a Nanocluster
Atomically precise metal nanoclusters (MNCs) have emerged as tailorable luminescent materials with visible to near‐infrared emission modulated by core (kernel) size, metal composition, and ligand engineering. These ultrasmall clusters exhibit discrete quantum‐confined electronic states with strong spin–orbit coupling (SOC), enabling diverse emission pathways. Current research focuses on elucidating emission mechanisms and developing strategies to enhance fluorescence quantum yields. In this review, we emphasize structure–photoluminescence (PL) correlations and the underlying excited‐state origins of luminescence: (i) coinage‐metal clusters display multiple emissive channels—including prompt fluorescence, room‐temperature phosphorescence, and TADF; (ii) the electronic gap and thus emission energy is directly governed by core size and metal identity, with core shrinkage and enhanced SOC generally inducing red‐shifts; and (iii) ligand shell properties (identity/rigidity/packing) control charge‐transfer pathways and nonradiative decay, while heterometal doping or rigidification modulates state ordering to brighten emission without necessarily shifting band positions. Importantly, many clusters exhibit dual‐emission behavior. We propose a coupled core–shell emissive‐state model in which one band originates from metal‐core excitation and the other from a ligand‐ or motif‐centered charge‐transfer state. Finally, we outline future challenges: dissecting core versus shell contributions to PL and boosting quantum efficiency through targeted control of cluster composition and ligand shell. Progress on these fronts is crucial for the rational design of next‐generation cluster emitters. Atomically precise metal nanoclusters are ultrasmall aggregates of metal atoms with finely tunable structures. They exhibit broad PL across visible to NIR wavelengths by tuning size, structure, and composition. The review addresses fundamental emission mechanisms and structure–property correlations, evaluating enhancement strategies (ligand rigidification, heteroatom doping, controlled aggregation) to boost PL efficiency. Key structure–function relationships governing MNC luminescence are highlighted.
Journal Article