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Alternatives to democracy in twentieth-century Europe : collectivist visions of modernity
\"An original work of historical synthesis by an esteemed international scholar, this book offers the first comparative analysis of the four different types of collectivism (communism, Fascism; Nazism; anarchism) in twentieth-century Europe which aspired to create an 'alternative modernity'. The author presents not only the authoritarian alternatives to democracy of the past century, but also the experiment with anarchism undertaken in Spain in the late 1930s. The concept of the analysis is to show how these political systems are driven by rival visions of alternative modernity and how the prioritization of values plays out in politics. Each political concept discussed in the book found support among broad sectors of its respective population at one time or another, and were championed by professionals in the countries in which they took hold. The political vision which guided the construction (or in the anarchist case, attempted construction) of an alternative to democracy, oriented to an alternative future, is discussed in a balanced and erudite manner in each case. Debates within the participants in these projects are also focused. The book ends with a defense of liberal democracy, exploring departures from it in contemporary Hungary and Poland, but also the US\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Extension of Particularized Trust to Generalized and Out-Group Trust: The Constraining Role of Collectivism
Abstract
A central line of inquiry into the sources of generalized trust concerns how particularized trust (trust in known others) extends to generalized trust (default expectations about the trustworthiness of people in general). While we know that there is considerable cross-national variability in the strength of the relationship between particularized and generalized trust, little is known about the contextual factors that shape the degree to which particularized trust spills over to more diffuse forms of trust. We argue that collectivism plays a key role in the extension of trust. The nature of social interactions in low collectivism societies is conducive to the trust and distrust built up within social interactions extending to generalized and out-group trust, whereas high levels of collectivism should dampen the ability of particularized trust to extend. Analyzing data on over 52,000 respondents from 39 countries from Waves 5 and 6 of the World Values Survey, we find that the predicted effects particularized trust on generalized and out-group trust are substantially smaller in more collectivist countries. Our results also suggest that collectivism and individualism matter more for generalized and out-group trust for individuals who have higher levels of particularized trust.
Journal Article
The influence of expatriate cultural intelligence on organizational embeddedness and knowledge sharing: The moderating effects of host country context
This study advances our understanding of the contextualization of the effects of cultural intelligence (CQ). Drawing from trait activation theory and institutional theory, we develop a multi-level model showing how host countries’ informal and formal openness towards foreigners facilitate or constrain the importance of expatriates’ CQ in becoming embedded in the host organization. Furthermore, this study positions organizational embeddedness as a mediator in the association between expatriates’ CQ and a central element of expatriates’ jobs – knowledge sharing in the foreign workplace. Results from a cross-lagged survey of 1327 expatriates from 100 different nations residing in 30 host countries combined with secondary data indicate expatriate CQ relates positively to organizational embeddedness. Cross-level interaction analyses further suggest that in-group collectivism, the proxy for host countries’ informal openness towards foreigners, facilitates the importance of CQ as a predictor of expatriates’ organizational embeddedness. In contrast, CQ was not found to interact with the proxy for host countries’ formal openness towards foreigners, i.e. national immigration policies. Consistent with predictions, we identified that CQ relates positively to knowledge sharing and that organizational embeddedness carries an indirect effect. We discuss the implications for theory and practice.
Journal Article
Positive leadership and employee engagement: The roles of state positive affect and individualism-collectivism
Drawing upon broaden-and-build theory, this study examined the influence of positive leadership on employee engagement through the mediating role of employees’ state positive affect and the moderating effect of individualism-collectivism orientation in a Chinese cultural context. A sample of 215 valid questionnaires was obtained through a two-wave survey of 48 teams working in central China. Hypotheses were tested by a method of hierarchical linear modelling. The results indicate that positive leadership promotes employees’ state positive affect and engagement. State positive affect partially mediates the association between positive leadership and employee engagement. Moreover, a multilevel moderation analysis reveals that collectivism weakens the effect of positive leadership on employees’ state positive affect. Theoretical and managerial implications and future directions are discussed.
Journal Article
Individualism and collectivism orientation and the correlates among Chinese college students
In this study we examine the individualism and collectivism (I-C) orientation among Chinese college students and explore predictive associations between I-C and other variables. Chinese college students (
N
= 2770) were randomly sampled and relevant psychological scales (I-Cs, SES, CES-D, MSPSS, PTM, etc.) were administered. Data were collected through paper and pencil questionnaire survey. It was found that high collectivism is significantly associated with strong social support and pro-social tendencies. On the other hand, depression and self-esteem which reflect individual differences in mental condition as predictors of individualism are significant. Chinese college students’ collectivism tendency is significantly related to the higher Chinese cultural identity, and lower Chinese cultural identity as a predictor of individualism tendency is significant. Utilitarian pro-social behavior has a significant positive impact on individualism. At the same time, a high degree of the attention to wealth strengthens individualism and weakens collectivism significantly. It shows that excessive pursuit of interests not only strengthens individualism but also weakens collectivism. By understanding the ideological situation of Chinese college students and exploring the related variables that have a significant relationship with collectivism and individualism, this study reveals the tendency of individualism and collectivism of Chinese college students and its influencing factors; At the same time, these findings contribute to the I-C literature with the data from Chinese culture.
Journal Article
Academic cheating as planned behavior: the effects of perceived behavioral control and individualism-collectivism orientations
To inform interventions against academic cheating among college students, the study tests the moderating role of the construct of perceived behavioral control as originally proposed yet seldom tested in the Theory of Planned Behavior, and further tests the cultural boundary conditions for this moderating role with a focus on the four horizontal-vertical individualism-collectivism orientations. Using multicampus survey data collected from 2293 Chinese undergraduate students, the moderation analyses suggest a significant and negative joint effect of perceived behavioral control with the construct of subjective norm and a positive yet insignificant joint effect with the construct of attitude towards cheating. Further moderated moderation analyses identify a pattern from comparing the four significant three-way interactions: the positive effects of attitude towards cheating and subjective norm on academic cheating are stronger under the conditions of a combination of low subjective norm with low horizontal individualism and horizontal collectivism, respectively. The study contributes to a nuanced understanding of the utility of Theory of Planned Behavior in predicting academic cheating and supports a multivariable intervention approach that closely integrates administrative measures with students’ attitudinal and normative beliefs with a concern for the subtle yet significant influences of cultural orientations.
Journal Article
Fear of Ebola: The Influence of Collectivism on Xenophobic Threat Responses
In response to the Ebola scare in 2014, many people evinced strong fear and xenophobia. The present study, informed by the pathogen-prevalence hypothesis, tested the influence of individualism and collectivism on xenophobic response to the threat of Ebola. A nationally representative sample of 1,000 Americans completed a survey, indicating their perceptions of their vulnerability to Ebola, ability to protect themselves from Ebola (protection efficacy), and xenophobic tendencies. Overall, the more vulnerable people felt, the more they exhibited xenophobic responses, but this relationship was moderated by individualism and collectivism. The increase in xenophobia associated with increased vulnerability was especially pronounced among people with high individualism scores and those with low collectivism scores. These relationships were mediated by protection efficacy. State-level collectivism had the same moderating effect on the association between perceived vulnerability and xenophobia that individual-level value orientation did. Collectivism—and the set of practices and rituals associated with collectivistic cultures—may serve as psychological protection against the threat of disease.
Journal Article
Blurred Lines: How the Collectivism Norm Operates Through Perceived Group Diversity to Boost or Harm Group Performance in Himalayan Mountain Climbing
We develop a theory explaining how collectivism causes people to “blur” demographic differences, that is, to see less diversity than actually exists in a group, and reconciling contradictions in how collectivistic norms influence group performance. We draw on the perceived diversity literature, hypothesizing that collectivistic norms cause group members to blur demographic differences, resulting in perceptions that group members are more similar than they actually are. Whether this benefits or harms group performance depends on the group’s objective diversity and the relevance of the perceived diversity attribute for accomplishing the task. For conjunctive tasks, the group’s performance is determined by its weakest member, demanding high levels of cohesion. Our theory suggests that collectivism benefits group conjunctive performance when objective national diversity is high by blurring divisive relational differences but has no effect in groups with low objective national diversity. In contrast, for disjunctive tasks, the group’s performance is determined by its best member. We predict that collectivism harms group disjunctive performance when objective expertness diversity is high by blurring differences in task-relevant expertness but has no effect in low objective expertness diversity groups. We find support for our theory in two studies, an archival study of 5,214 Himalayan climbing expeditions and a laboratory experiment assessing 366 groups. Our results show that collectivism has benefits and detriments for diverse groups and that these contradictory effects can be understood by identifying how the collectivistic blurring of perceived group diversity helps or hurts groups based on the type of tasks on which they are working.
Journal Article