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Inonotus hispidus has various health-promoting activities, such as anticancer effects and immune-stimulating activity. The commercialization of valuable plant triterpenoids faces major challenges, including low abundance in natural hosts and costly downstream purification procedures. In this work, orthogonal design was used to compound methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), oleic acid, and Cu2+, and the effects of combinations on the total triterpenes biosynthesized were studied. The optimal combination was screened out and its effect on the activity of PAL, CAT, and SOD was studied. The optimal concentration of oleic acid was 2% when MeJA was 100 mol/L, and the total triterpenoid content and mycelia production were 3.918 g and 85.17 mg/g, respectively. MeJA treatment induced oxidative stress, and at the same time increased the activity of related defense enzymes. Oleic acid is thought to regulate cell permeability by recombining cell membranes. It promotes the material exchange process between cells and the environment without affecting cell growth. When oleic acid was used in combination with MeJA, a synergistic effect on triterpene production was observed. In conclusion, our findings provide a strategy for triterpenoid enrichment of I. hispidus.

To better assess the practical value and avoid potential risks of the traditionally medicinal and edible basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune, which may arise from undescribed metabolites, a combination of elicitors was introduced for the first time to discover products from cryptic and low-expressed gene clusters under laboratory cultivation. Treating S. commune NJFU21 with the combination of five elicitors led to the upregulated production of a class of unusual linear diterpene-derived variants, including eleven new ones (1–11), along with three known ones (12–14). The structures and stereochemistry were determined by 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, ECD, OR and VCD calculations. Notably, the elongation terminus of all the diterpenes was decorated by an unusual butenedioic acid moiety. Compound 1 was a rare monocyclic diterpene, while 2–6 possessed a tetrahydrofuran moiety. The truncated metabolites 4, 5 and 13 belong to the trinorditerpenes. All the diterpenes displayed approximately 70% scavenging of hydroxyl radicals at 50 μM and null cytotoxic activity at 10 μM. In addition, compound 1 exhibited potent antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum camelliae, with MIC values of 8 μg/mL. Our findings indicated that this class of diterpenes could provide valuable protectants for cosmetic ingredients and the lead compounds for agricultural fungicide development.

Glucosinolates (GS) are secondary plant metabolites comprising different subgroups with opposing effects on human health. Hairy root cultures (HRC) are potent biotechnological tools allowing the biosynthesis of special substances under defined conditions. HRC of Eruca sativa, a brassicaceaous plant, were used to test different strategies to enhance GS levels and to alter the profile. Additional sulphur supply in the nutrient medium increased especially aliphatic GS by 2.7-fold, but also enhanced indole GS by 1.8-fold. Ethephon as well as jasmonic acid as chemical elicitors enhanced only indole GS levels, whereby especially 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl or 1-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl GS accumulated. Jasmonic acid was used in combination with pulsed electric field treatment as physical elicitor. Already within 24 h, GS levels doubled in treated HRC compared to the control. For estimation of production potency, the GS levels of HRC were compared to contents of aerial and root parts of E. sativa sprouts. HRC showed a distinct GS profile compared to the parent plant with a higher content of indole GS when compared to sprout roots, but overall lower total GS levels. Furthermore, HRC released GS into the culture medium, which could be enhanced by jasmonic acid and pulsed electric field treatment. This could comprise an efficient strategy for a continuous GS production and mining without solvent extraction.

This chapter outlines a range of compounds that have been shown to induce some resistance‐related mechanisms and which are thereby able to reduce the level of infection by subsequent pathogen challenge. It focuses on compounds that have been shown to increase resistance to subsequent infection by pests and pathogens, that is, those with potential to be used in disease control, and therefore does not include a comprehensive list of compounds which, to date, have just been shown to induce resistance‐related plant responses. Redox‐related changes have been shown to be affected by a number of abiotic stresses. Combinations of elicitors have been tested for controlling diseases. Setting up assays to detect elicitor activity may not always be simple and straightforward and there are many anecdotal stories to suggest that elicitor screening using standard screens for fungicides is not appropriate for resistance inducers.

Under natural field stress conditions in newly reclaimed sandy soils characterized by extreme diurnal temperature fluctuations (ΔT > 20 °C, peak temperatures 42 °C), limited water retention, and moderate salinity, faba bean cultivation faces significant yield stability challenges. This study evaluated whether combined foliar applications of sugar alcohols (sorbitol, mannitol) and boron could synergistically enhance stress tolerance and yield stability in faba bean under these conditions. A two-season field experiment (2023/2024, 2024/2025) at Sadat City, Egypt, tested three cultivars (Nobaria3, Misr1, Giza717) under seven foliar treatments: control (CK, distilled water), individual applications of sorbitol (40 g L⁻¹), mannitol (40 g L⁻¹), boron (50 mg L⁻¹), and binary combinations (S + M, S + B, M + B) administered at four critical growth stages (30, 40, 50, 60 days after planting) arranged in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. Combined treatments demonstrated superior efficacy, with sorbitol + boron (S + B) producing maximum improvements: plant height increased 31% (111.91 vs. 85.38 cm in control, p  < 0.01), leaf area expanded 85% (1275.92 vs. 689.93 cm², p  < 0.001), and chlorophyll content increased 17% (40.56 vs. 34.78 mg L⁻¹, p  < 0.05). The S + B treatment enhanced grain quality with 30.6% higher protein content (31.87% vs. 24.40%, p  < 0.001) and 39% increase in 100-grain weight (112.48 vs. 80.67 g, p  < 0.01). Nobaria3 exhibited superior treatment responsiveness, achieving peak yield stability of 5.24 t ha⁻¹ (Season 1) and 3.70 t ha⁻¹ (Season 2). Treatment effects remained consistent across contrasting seasons (Season × Treatment interaction was non-significant for 9 of 12 parameters, p   ≥  0.05), demonstrating robust stress-mitigation mechanisms applicable to variable production conditions in newly reclaimed arid lands. The strategic foliar application of combined sorbitol and mannitol enhances osmoregulation, stabilizes cellular membranes, and improves photosynthetic efficiency, thereby ensuring sustained reproductive development. Consistent treatment effects across seasons demonstrate reliable stress alleviation mechanisms appropriate for climate-resilient production systems in newly reclaimed soils.

Finding sustainable plant protection strategies is a major challenge for agriculture. Taking advantage of the plant natural immune system by using plant defence elicitors is an interesting avenue to explore. However, transfer to field application is often difficult, mostly due to the complexity of interactions between plants and their environment, involving biotic and abiotic stresses. The protection efficacy against gray mold and the modes of action of potential elicitors were studied on tomato. Modulation of plant defense was studied using both global and targeted metabolic profiling. We identified seven potential elicitors showing good plant protection efficacy and able to trigger the oxylipin pathway, including jasmonic acid production, after inoculation with Botrytis cinerea. Following preliminary assays, seven elicitors including two well-studied elicitors (Bion 50WG® and BABA) showing good plant protection efficacy and low fungitoxic effect were selected to assay the effect of abiotic stresses (wounding, water stress and nitrogen deficiency) on their protection efficacy. Our results showed that the protection efficacy of all products was reduced when plants were exposed to abiotic stresses, suggesting an antagonistic interaction between the tomato responses to abiotic stresses and product treatments. We found that responses to leaf cuttings and product treatments induced metabolic changes in a time-dependent manner, and that both of which mainly activated the oxylipin and JA pathway. However, the negative effects of wounding on tomato protection efficacy of defence elicitors suggest that interplay with other antagonistic signalling pathways is also involved in the tomato responses to this combination of stress.

Root cultures of Gloriosa superba were treated with 5 mM: methyl jasmonate and 125 microM: AlCl3 which enhanced the intracellular colchicine content of the roots by 50-fold and 63-fold, respectively. Ten millimolar of CaCl2 and 1 mM: CdCl2 enhanced biomass significantly (7- to 8.6-fold, respectively) while maximum release of colchicine into the medium was obtained with 10 mM: CdCl2. Casein hydrolysate, yeast extract and silver nitrate had no significant effect on growth and colchicine accumulation in root cultures.