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A Comparative Study on Design of Commercial Building using Etabs and Staad Pro
Engineers are in charge of planning, developing, and completing projects on schedule. The investigation of the stiffness, strength, and stability of structures is known as structural design. A structural engineer constructs a structure in accordance with loading circumstances, including wind, seismic, live, and dead loads. There are several software programmes available to assess and design elements, but many students lack understanding of how to calculate loads, load combinations, and design parameters. It is not difficult to create a building; however, it is vital to create an efficient framework that will function without fail for many years. The objective of this study is to analyse and design of commercial building using ETABS and STAAD Pro with design aids provided in code book IS 456:2000, SP-16. The main aim of this study is to find improved analyses for constructing load situations, applying load combinations, support reactions, and column and beam reinforcement, among other things. Comparisons of design outcomes, such as displacement, axial force, shear forces, and bending moment along main and minor axes, may be made using the analytical results.
Journal Article
The rule of logistics : Walmart and the architecture of fulfillment
\"Every time you wheel a shopping cart through one of Walmart's more than 10,000 stores worldwide, or swipe your credit card or purchase something online, you enter a mind-boggling logistical regime. Even if you've never shopped at Walmart, its logistics have probably affected your life.The Rule of Logistics makes sense of its spatial and architectural ramifications by analyzing the stores,distribution centers, databases, and inventory practices of theworld's largest corporation. The Rule of Logistics tells the story of Walmart's buildings in the context of the corporation's entire operation, itself characterized by an obsession with logistics. Beginning with the company's founding in 1962, Jesse LeCavalier reveals how logistics--as a branch of knowledge, an area of work, and a collection of processes--takes shape and changes our built environment. Weaving together archival material with original drawings, LeCavalier shows how a diverse array of ideas, people, and things--military theory and chewing gum, Howard Dean and satellite networks, Hudson River School painters and real estate software, to name a few--are all connected through Walmart's logistical operations and in turn are transforming how its buildings are conceptualized, located, built, and inhabited. A major new contribution to architectural history and theory, The Rule of Logistics helps us understand how retailing today is changing our bodies, brains, buildings, and cities and predicts what future forms architecture might take when shaped by systems that exceed its current capacities\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Carbon Neutral Roadmap of Commercial Building Operations by Mid-Century: Lessons from China
Carbon neutrality has positive impacts on people, nature and the economy, and buildings represent the “last mile” sector in the transition to carbon neutrality. Carbon neutrality is characterized by the decarbonization of operations and maintenance, in addition to zero emissions in electricity and other industry sectors. Taking China’s commercial buildings as an example, this study is the first to perform an extensive data analysis for a step-wise carbon neutral roadmap of building operations via the analysis of a dynamic emission scenario. The results reveal that the carbon emissions abatement of commercial building operations from 2001 to 2018 was 1460.85 (±574.61) mega-tons of carbon dioxide (Mt CO2). The carbon emissions of commercial building operations will peak in the year 2039 (±5) at 1364.31 (±258.70) Mt, with emission factors and energy intensity being the main factors influencing the carbon peak. To move toward carbon neutral status, an additional 169.73 Mt CO2 needs to be cut by 2060, and the low emission path toward carbon neutrality will lead to the realization of the carbon peak of commercial buildings in 2024, with total emissions of 921.71 Mt. It is believed that cutting emissions from the operation of buildings in China will require a multi-sectoral synergistic strategy. It is suggested that government, residents, enterprises, and other stakeholders must better appreciate the challenges to achieve a substantial carbon reduction and the need for urgent action in the building sector in order to achieve carbon neutrality.
Journal Article
Energy Consumption, Energy Analysis, and Solar Energy Integration for Commercial Building Restaurants
In the domain of energy consumption in restaurant-type commercial buildings, traditional energy audits tend to concentrate mainly on electrical loads, often neglecting the specifics of the restaurant sector, especially regarding liquified petroleum gas fuel consumption. This research employs a comprehensive energy audit framework specifically designed for the commercial building restaurant sector. Using energy data from 130 restaurants, we computed the building energy index that ranged in between 650 and 1000 kWh/m2/year. Using linear regression, we assessed the relationship between building energy index and restaurant area, uncovering a low R2 value, suggesting the unsuitability of the building energy index as an exclusive measure for restaurants. Concurrently, our detailed comparative study showed that liquified petroleum gas-fueled equipment uses about 38% more energy than electric fueled equipment but is 0.5% cheaper and significantly less polluting. Investigating renewable energy potentials, we found solar PV application as a viable option for restaurants. The results showed that solar PV installation could produce approximately 11,064,898 kWh, translating to utility savings of RM 7,381,929 and reductions of 7,108,327 kgCO2, 68,959 kgSO2, and 31,823 kgCO emissions. Conclusively, our findings underline the need for a diversified energy assessment in restaurants and the tangible benefits of renewable energy integration.
Journal Article
Chaos and culture : Renzo Piano Building Workshop and the Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center in Athens
\"A history of the design and construction of the Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center in Athens set against the background of the economic and political crisis in Greece\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Role of Mandatory Building Efficiency Disclosure on Green Building Price Premium: Evidence from Australia
Extensive studies have examined the financial performance of green buildings in recent years. The results have frequently observed that the premium of green buildings is time-varying and dependent on the study period and markets being examined. Further, virtually no dedicated study has been devoted to examine the role of mandatory building energy rating disclosure policies on green building price premium. This raises the question of whether the mandatory energy rating disclosure policies would have an influence on the financial performance of green buildings. This study assesses the premium of green buildings by considering the role of mandatory energy efficiency of commercial building disclosure program (CBDP) using the MCSI/IPD NABERS data over 2005–2020. The results of the study showed that, in Australia, buildings with NABERS rating of 4 stars and above delivered a higher total return compared with buildings with lower NABERS ratings. This also supports the Freeman’s (1984) social impact hypothesis in which favorable social performance will ultimately lead to favorable financial performance. In addition, our empirical modelling results also demonstrated the premium of green buildings is stronger since the launch of CBDP, reflecting the importance of mandatory building efficiency disclosure. The policy implications of our studies have also been discussed as buildings play a crucial role in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly net-zero carbon emissions.
Journal Article
Robust-mv-M-LSTM-CI: Robust Energy Consumption Forecasting in Commercial Buildings during the COVID-19 Pandemic
The digitalization of the global landscape of electricity consumption, combined with the impact of the pandemic and the implementation of lockdown measures, has required the development of a precise forecast of energy consumption to optimize the management of energy resources, particularly in pandemic contexts. To address this, this research introduces a novel forecasting model, the robust multivariate multilayered long- and short-term memory model with knowledge injection (Robust-mv-M-LSTM-CI), to improve the accuracy of forecasting models under uncertain conditions. This innovative model extends the capabilities of mv-M-LSTM-CI by incorporating an additional branch to extract energy consumption from adversarial noise. The experiment results show that Robust-mv-M-LSTM-CI demonstrates substantial improvements over mv-M-LSTM-CI and other models with adversarial training: multivariate multilayered long short-term memory (adv-M-LSTM), long short-term memory (adv-LSTM), bidirectional long short-term memory (adv-Bi-LSTM), and linear regression (adv-LR). The maximum noise level from the adversarial examples is 0.005. On average, across three datasets, the proposed model improves about 24.01% in mean percentage absolute error (MPAE), 18.43% in normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), and 8.53% in R2 over mv-M-LSTM-CI. In addition, the proposed model outperforms “adv-” models with MPAE improvements ranging from 35.74% to 89.80% across the datasets. In terms of NRMSE, improvements range from 36.76% to 80.00%. Furthermore, Robust-mv-M-LSTM-CI achieves remarkable improvements in the R2 score, ranging from 17.35% to 119.63%. The results indicate that the proposed model enhances overall accuracy while effectively mitigating the potential reduction in accuracy often associated with adversarial training models. By incorporating adversarial noise and COVID-19 case data, the proposed model demonstrates improved accuracy and robustness in forecasting energy consumption under uncertain conditions. This enhanced predictive capability will enable energy managers and policymakers to better anticipate and respond to fluctuations in energy demand during pandemics, ensuring more resilient and efficient energy systems.
Journal Article
Operational Carbon Change in Commercial Buildings under the Carbon Neutral Goal: A LASSO–WOA Approach
The rapid growth of energy consumption in commercial building operations has hindered the pace of carbon emission reduction in the building sector in China. This study used historical data to model the carbon emissions of commercial building operations, the LASSO regression was applied to estimate the model results, and the whale optimization algorithm was used to optimize the nonlinear parameter. The key findings show the following: (1) The major driving forces of carbon emissions from commercial buildings in China were found to be the population size and energy intensity of carbon emissions, and their elastic coefficients were 0.6346 and 0.2487, respectively. (2) The peak emissions of the commercial building sector were 1264.81 MtCO2, and the peak year was estimated to be 2030. Overall, this study analyzed the historical emission reduction levels and prospective peaks of carbon emissions from China’s commercial buildings from a new perspective. The research results are helpful for governments and decision makers to formulate effective emission reduction policies and can also provide references for the low-carbon development of other countries and regions.
Journal Article