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"communication protocols"
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ABS-SmartComAgri: An Agent-Based Simulator of Smart Communication Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks for Debugging in Precision Agriculture
Smart communication protocols are becoming a key mechanism for improving communication performance in networks such as wireless sensor networks. However, the literature lacks mechanisms for simulating smart communication protocols in precision agriculture for decreasing production costs. In this context, the current work presents an agent-based simulator of smart communication protocols for efficiently managing pesticides. The simulator considers the needs of electric power, crop health, percentage of alive bugs and pesticide consumption. The current approach is illustrated with three different communication protocols respectively called (a) broadcast, (b) neighbor and (c) low-cost neighbor. The low-cost neighbor protocol obtained a statistically-significant reduction in the need of electric power over the neighbor protocol, with a very large difference according to the common interpretations about the Cohen’s d effect size. The presented simulator is called ABS-SmartComAgri and is freely distributed as open-source from a public research data repository. It ensures the reproducibility of experiments and allows other researchers to extend the current approach.
Journal Article
Micropropagation and cryopreservation by vitrification of the Spanish endemic medicinal plant Sideritis leucantha Cav. subsp. leucantha (Lamiaceae)
Sideritis leucantha Cav. subsp. leucantha is a Spanish endemic medicinal plant that faces conservation problems. Therefore, this work is aimed to develop a protocol for the in vitro propagation and cryopreservation of shoot tip explants of this species. The morphogenic responses were recorded using Murashige and Skoog medium containing 6-benzyladenine, 2-isopentenyladenine, kinetin, or thidiazuron for multiplication and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid or indole-3-butyric acid for rooting. Maximal shoot proliferation was observed with medium containing 0.088 M sucrose plus 0.22 or 0.44 μM 6-benzyladenine. The longest shoots and greatest number of nodes per shoot were obtained from cultures incubated on medium with 0.44 μM 2-isopentenyladenine. Optimal rooting was achieved with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid at concentrations of 0.05 μM (highest percentage of rooted shoots) and 0.26 μM (highest number of roots). The morphological traits of the regenerated plantlets did not differ from those of wild-type plants, and these plantlets were successfully adapted to ex vitro conditions. After cryopreservation by vitrification, the highest percentage of regenerated shoot tips (70 ± 6%) was obtained with the treatment consisting of 60 min of loading solution (0.4 M sucrose plus 2 M glycerol in liquid medium) followed by exposure to plant vitrification solution 2 for 30 min at room temperature and then immersion in liquid nitrogen for 60 min. This study constitutes the first work on the micropropagation of S. leucantha subsp. leucantha and the first work on the cryopreservation of Sideritis species. The results obtained could be applied commercially and also in the conservation for other species of Lamiaceae.
Journal Article
Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Overview on Protocols, Architectures, Technologies, Simulation Tools, and Future Directions
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a global network of interconnected computing, sensing, and networking devices that can exchange data and information via various network protocols. It can connect numerous smart devices thanks to recent advances in wired, wireless, and hybrid technologies. Lightweight IoT protocols can compensate for IoT devices with restricted hardware characteristics in terms of storage, Central Processing Unit (CPU), energy, etc. Hence, it is critical to identify the optimal communication protocol for system architects. This necessitates an evaluation of next-generation networks with improved characteristics for connectivity. This paper highlights significant wireless and wired IoT technologies and their applications, offering a new categorization for conventional IoT network protocols. It provides an in-depth analysis of IoT communication protocols with detailed technical information about their stacks, limitations, and applications. The study further compares industrial IoT-compliant devices and software simulation tools. Finally, the study provides a summary of the current challenges, along with a broad overview of the future directions to tackle the challenges, in the next IoT generation. This study aims to provide a comprehensive primer on IoT concepts, protocols, and future insights that academics and professionals can use in various contexts.
Journal Article
A Review of IoT Sensing Applications and Challenges Using RFID and Wireless Sensor Networks
Radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless sensors networks (WSNs) are two fundamental pillars that enable the Internet of Things (IoT). RFID systems are able to identify and track devices, whilst WSNs cooperate to gather and provide information from interconnected sensors. This involves challenges, for example, in transforming RFID systems with identification capabilities into sensing and computational platforms, as well as considering them as architectures of wirelessly connected sensing tags. This, together with the latest advances in WSNs and with the integration of both technologies, has resulted in the opportunity to develop novel IoT applications. This paper presents a review of these two technologies and the obstacles and challenges that need to be overcome. Some of these challenges are the efficiency of the energy harvesting, communication interference, fault tolerance, higher capacities to handling data processing, cost feasibility, and an appropriate integration of these factors. Additionally, two emerging trends in IoT are reviewed: the combination of RFID and WSNs in order to exploit their advantages and complement their limitations, and wearable sensors, which enable new promising IoT applications.
Journal Article
Estimation of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid in leaf explants and a protocol for direct regeneration in \Lilium\ cv. Pavia
A method for regeneration via direct organogénesis in Lilium cv. Pavia using leaf primary expiants has been established. Outer leaves from in vitro plantlets of 10 to 12 cm were used as the primary expiant for direct organogenesis. Shoots were directly regenerated from leaf expiants within 25 d of culture on Murashige and Skoog (MS) augmented with 4.5 µM 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D), 5.4 µM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 2.2 µM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Different regions of the same leaf expiant exhibited varied responses. The acropetal 3 to 4 cm of the leaf (L1) produced the maximum number of shoots (75%) indicating its high regeneration ability whereas the response of middle portion (L2) and basipetal portion of the leaf (L3) exhibited a significantly decreasing trend of shoot induction with 37.5 and 12.5%, respectively. HPLC analysis of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentration established significantly higher concentration in the acropetal segments (L1). The in vitro regenerated plants were rooted in half strength MS media and were successfully hardened and field transferred. Our study established that different regions of the same leaf produce significantly different responses for shoot induction and this is attributed to the variable levels of endogenous IAA. This quick method of direct organogenesis can be applied for commercial multiplication of this important hybrid.
Journal Article
Security in IoMT Communications: A Survey
The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) couples IoT technologies with healthcare services in order to support real-time, remote patient monitoring and treatment. However, the interconnectivity of critical medical devices with other systems in various network layers creates new opportunities for remote adversaries. Since most of the communication protocols have not been specifically designed for the needs of connected medical devices, there is a need to classify the available IoT communication technologies in terms of security. In this paper we classify IoT communication protocols, with respect to their application in IoMT. Then we describe the main characteristics of IoT communication protocols used at the perception, network and application layer of medical devices. We examine the inherent security characteristics and limitations of IoMT-specific communication protocols. Based on realistic attacks we identify available mitigation controls that may be applied to secure IoMT communications, as well as existing research and implementation gaps.
Journal Article
Role of IoT Technology in Agriculture: A Systematic Literature Review
The growing demand for food in terms of quality and quantity has increased the need for industrialization and intensification in the agriculture field. Internet of Things (IoT) is a highly promising technology that is offering many innovative solutions to modernize the agriculture sector. Research institutions and scientific groups are continuously working to deliver solutions and products using IoT to address different domains of agriculture. This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) by conducting a survey of IoT technologies and their current utilization in different application domains of the agriculture sector. The underlying SLR has been compiled by reviewing research articles published in well-reputed venues between 2006 and 2019. A total of 67 papers were carefully selected through a systematic process and classified accordingly. The primary objective of this systematic study is the collection of all relevant research on IoT agricultural applications, sensors/devices, communication protocols, and network types. Furthermore, it also discusses the main issues and challenges that are being investigated in the field of agriculture. Moreover, an IoT agriculture framework has been presented that contextualizes the representation of a wide range of current solutions in the field of agriculture. Similarly, country policies for IoT-based agriculture have also been presented. Lastly, open issues and challenges have been presented to provide the researchers promising future directions in the domain of IoT agriculture.
Journal Article