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We present an approach for hybrid systems that combines the advantages of component-based modeling (e.g., reduced model complexity) with the advantages of formal verification (e.g., guaranteed contract compliance). Component-based modeling can be used to split large models into multiple component models with local responsibilities to reduce modeling complexity. Yet, this only helps the analysis if verification proceeds one component at a time. In order to benefit from the decomposition of a system into components for both modeling and verification purposes, we prove that the safety of compatible components implies safety of the composed system. We implement our composition theorem as a tactic in the KeYmaera X theorem prover, allowing automatic generation of a KeYmaera X proof for the composite system from proofs for the components without soundness-critical changes to KeYmaera X. Our approach supports component contracts (i.e., input assumptions and output guarantees for each component) that characterize the magnitude and rate of change of values exchanged between components. These contracts can take into account what has changed between two components in a given amount of time since the last exchange of information.

Web mashups are Web applications developed using contents and services available online. Despite rapidly increasing interest in mashups, comprehensive development tools and frameworks are lacking, and in most cases mashing up a new application implies a significant manual programming effort. This article overviews current tools, frameworks, and trends that aim to facilitate mashup development. The authors use a set of characteristic dimensions to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of some representative approaches.

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are composed of software and hardware components. Many such systems (e.g., IoT based systems) are created by composing existing systems together. Some of these systems are of critical nature, e.g., emergency or disaster management systems. In general, component-based development (CBD) is a useful approach for constructing systems by composing pre-built and tested components. However, for critical systems, a development method must provide ways to verify the partial system at different stages of the construction process. In this paper, for system architectures, we propose two styles: rigid architecture and flexible architecture. A system architecture composed of independent components by coordinating exogenous connectors is in flexible architecture style category. For CBD of critical systems, we select EX-MAN from flexible architecture style category. Moreover, we define incremental composition mechanism for this model to construct critical systems from a set of system requirements. Incremental composition is defined to offer preservation of system behaviour and correctness of partial architecture at each incremental step. To evaluate our proposed approach, a case study of weather monitoring system (part of a disaster management) system was built using our EX-MAN tool.

As the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and the fourth industrial revolution advance, smart factories and machines increasingly gain intelligent features that enable the integration of more sophisticated functionalities. Approaches to achieving this intelligence involve both internal systems, such as human–machine interface (HMI), and external systems, such as big data platforms and cloud services. Although current research leans toward studying external systems, accomplishing intelligent functions through such means poses more challenges in achieving real-time responses during machining processes than using internal systems. When intellectualizing machine tools through internal HMI systems, three critical issues must be addressed. First, HMI functions are structured to depend on the HMI itself, leading to a ripple effect where a problem occurring in one HMI function impacts the entire system. Second, owing to differences in development tools and programming languages, the interconnectivity between functions developed by multiple stakeholders to be loaded onto the HMI may suffer, leading to potential inefficiencies and increased maintenance costs. Third, although various types of computer numerical control (CNC) machines need to communicate with the HMI function, the diverse communication methods and development tools used by each CNC manufacturer result in identical intelligent functions being developed separately for each CNC type. To address these challenges, this study proposes an innovative HMI platform capable of executing and developing various intelligent functions. The HMI platform and its major components are designed and implemented through component-based development (CBD). Subsequently, the performance and effectiveness of the platform are validated using quality attribute scenarios.

The collective use of several models and tools at various abstraction levels and phases during the development of vehicular distributed embedded systems poses many challenges. Within this context, this paper targets the challenges that are concerned with the unambiguous refinement of timing requirements, constraints and other timing information among various abstraction levels. Such information is required by the end-to-end timing analysis engines to provide pre-run-time verification about the predictability of these systems. The paper proposes an approach to represent and refine such information among various abstraction levels. As a proof of concept, the approach provides a representation of the timing information at the higher levels using the models that are developed with EAST-ADL and Timing Augmented Description Language. The approach then refines the timing information for the lower abstraction levels. The approach exploits the Rubus Component Model at the lower level to represent the timing information that cannot be clearly specified at the higher levels, such as trigger paths in distributed chains. A vehicular-application case study is conducted to show the applicability of the proposed approach.

Component-based development has made a breakthrough in software industry, it offers safer systems and easier to maintain, furthermore, costs and time to market are reduced. However, several issues, such as the correctness of component-based systems, their adaptation or the interactions between their components, require rigorous verification through the use of formal methods and tools.In this paper, we first present an introduction to component-based development; afterward we propose a classification of formal verification issues for component-based systems.

Developing high quality, reliable and on time software systems is challenging due to the increasing size and complexity of these systems. Traditional software development approaches are not suitable for dealing with such challenges, so several approaches have been introduced to increase the productivity and reusability during the software development process. Two of these approaches are Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) and Model-Driven Software Development (MDD) which focus on reusing pre-developed code and using models throughout the development process respectively. There are many research studies that show the benefits of using software components and model-driven approaches. However, in many cases the development process is either ad-hoc or not well-defined. This paper proposes a new software development process model that merges CBSE and MDD principles to facilitate software development. The model is successfully tested by applying it to the development of an e-learning system as an exemplar case study.

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) comprise interactive computation, networking, and physical processes. The integrative environment of CPS enables the smart systems to be aware of the surrounding physical world. Smart systems, such as smart health care systems, smart homes, smart transportation, and smart cities, are made up of complex and dynamic CPS. The components integration development approach should be based on the divide and conquer theory. This way multiple interactive components can reduce the development complexity in CPS. As reusability enhances efficiency and consistency in CPS, encapsulation of component functionalities and a well-designed user interface is vital for the better end-user's Quality of Experience (QoE). Thus, incorrect interaction of interfaces in the cyber-physical system causes system failures. Usually, interface failures occur due to false, and ambiguous requirements analysis and specification. Therefore, to resolve this issue semantic analysis is required for different stakeholders’ viewpoint analysis during requirement specification and components analysis. This work proposes a framework to improve the CPS component integration process, starting from requirement specification to prioritization of components for configurable. For semantic analysis and assessing the reusability of specifications, the framework uses text mining and case-based reasoning techniques. The framework has been tested experimentally, and the results show a significant reduction in ambiguity, redundancy, and irrelevancy, as well as increasing accuracy of interface interactions, component selection, and higher user satisfaction.

The development of robotic applications necessitates the availability of useful, adaptable, and accessible programming frameworks. Robotic, IoT, and sensor-based systems open up new possibilities for the development of innovative applications, taking advantage of existing and new technologies. Despite much progress, the development of these applications remains a complex, time-consuming, and demanding activity. Development of these applications requires wide utilization of software components. In this paper, we propose a platform that efficiently searches and recommends code components for reuse. To locate and rank the source code snippets, our approach uses a machine learning approach to train the schema. Our platform uses trained schema to rank code snippets in the top k results. This platform facilitates the process of reuse by recommending suitable components for a given query. The platform provides a user-friendly interface where developers can enter queries (specifications) for code search. The evaluation shows that our platform effectively ranks the source code snippets and outperforms existing baselines. A survey is also conducted to affirm the viability of the proposed methodology.