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result(s) for
"conservación de tierras"
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Assessing the local economic impacts of land protection
by
Nolte, Christoph
,
Thompson, Jonathan R.
,
Plisinski, Joshua S.
in
cities
,
conservación de tierras
,
conservación y desarrollo
2019
Land protection, whether public or private, is often controversial at the local level because residents worry about lost economic activity. We used panel data and a quasi-experimental impact-evaluation approach to determine how key economic indicators were related to the percentage of land protected. Specifically, we estimated the impacts of public and private land protection based on local area employment and housing permits data from 5 periods spanning 1990–2015 for all major towns and cities in New England. To generate rigorous impact estimates, we modeled economic outcomes as a function of the percentage of land protected in the prior period, conditional on town fixed effects, metro-region trends, and controls for period and neighboring protection. Contrary to narratives that conservation depresses economic growth, land protection was associated with a modest increase in the number of people employed and in the labor force and did not affect new housing permits, population, or median income. Public and private protection led to different patterns of positive employment impacts at distances close to and far from cities, indicating the importance of investing in both types of land protection to increase local opportunities. The greatest magnitude of employment impacts was due to protection in more rural areas, where opportunities for both visitation and amenity-related economic growth may be greatest. Overall, we provide novel evidence that land protection can be compatible with local economic growth and illustrate a method that can be broadly applied to assess the net economic impacts of protection.
La protección de terrenos públicos o privados a menudo es controversial a nivel local debido a la preocupación que tienen los residentes por la pérdida de actividades económicas. Usamos un panel de datos y una estrategia casi experimental de evaluación de impacto para determinar cómo los indicadores clave están relacionados con el porcentaje de terrenos protegidos. En específico, estimamos los impactos de la protección de terrenos privados y públicos con base en el empleo en el área local y los datos de permisos residenciales en cinco periodos que abarcaron de 1990 a 2015 para las principales ciudades y pueblos de Nueva Inglaterra. Para generar estimaciones rigurosas de impacto modelamos los resultados económicos como una función del porcentaje de suelo protegido durante el periodo previo, condicional a los efectos fijados de la ciudad o el pueblo, las tendencias de la metro-región, y los controles de protección vecina y por periodo. Contrario a las narrativas que dicen que la conservación deprime al crecimiento económico, la protección de tierras estuvo asociada con un crecimiento modesto del número de personas empleadas y en la fuerza laboral, y no afectó a los permisos residenciales nuevos, a la población o al promedio de ingresos. La protección pública y la privada resultaron en diferentes patrones de impactos positivos sobre el empleo a distancias cercanas y lejanas de las ciudades, lo que indica la importancia de la investigación en ambos tipos de protección de tierras para incrementar las oportunidades locales. La mayoría de los impactos sobre el empleo se debieron a la protección en áreas rurales, en donde las oportunidades para el crecimiento económico relacionado con visitas y amenidades puede ser mayor. En general, proporcionamos evidencias novedosas de que la protección de tierras puede ser compatible con el crecimiento económico local e ilustramos un método que puede aplicarse ampliamente para evaluar los impactos económicos netos de la protección.
Journal Article
Influence of Political Opposition and Compromise on Conservation Outcomes in the Tongass National Forest, Alaska
by
BEIER, COLIN M.
in
Acta de Conservación de Tierras de Interés Nacional en Alaska
,
Actina
,
Alaska
2008
To understand how a highly contentious policy process influenced a major conservation effort, I examined the origins, compromises, and outcomes of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980 (ANILCA) for the Tongass National Forest. Tongass wilderness designation was among the most controversial issues in the ANILCA debate, and it faced strong opposition from influential lawmakers, land managers, and Alaska residents. To investigate the influence of this opposition on Tongass conservation outcomes, I conducted a gap analysis of Tongass reserves and a policy analysis of the ANILCA debate and traced the influence of specific interests through the amendments, negotiations, and resulting compromises needed to enact ANILCA. Overall, I found that Tongass reserves comprise a broadly representative cross-section of ecosystems and species habitats in southeastern Alaska. Redrawn reserve boundaries, industry subsidies, and special access regulations reflected compromises to minimize the impact of wilderness conservation on mining, timber, and local stakeholder interests, respectively. Fragmentation of the Admiralty Island National Monument--the most ecologically valuable and politically controversial reserve--resulted from compromises with Alaskan Native (indigenous peoples of Alaska) corporations and timber interests. Despite language to accommodate \"reasonable access\" to wilderness reserves, ongoing access limitations highlight the concerns of Alaska residents that opposed ANILCA several decades ago. More broadly, the Tongass case suggests that early and ambitious conservation action may offset strong political opposition; compromises needed to establish key reserves often exacerbate development impacts in unprotected areas; and efforts to minimize social conflicts are needed to safeguard the long-term viability of conservation measures.
Journal Article
A Checklist for Wildlands Network Designs
Systematic conservation planning requires rigorous methods. Methodological rigor and scientific defensibility are enhanced by conceptual frameworks, standards, and criteria for guiding and evaluating individual plans. The Wildlands Project is developing wildlands network designs in various regions across North America, based on the goals of rewilding-restoration of wilderness qualities and intact food webs-and biodiversity conservation. The project employs such modern conservation planning tools as spatially explicit habitat and population models and site-selection algorithms. I created a checklist to assist staff, contractors, and cooperators with the Wildlands Project in the development of regional conservation assessments and wildlands network designs that are consistent with currently accepted standards for science-based conservation planning. The checklist also has proven useful in the peer review of plans. The checklist consists of eight general standards, each of which includes several specific criteria that relate to the qualifications of staff, choice of biodiversity surrogates and goals, methodological comprehensiveness and rigor, replicability, analytic rigor, peer review, and overall quality of scholarship. Application of the checklist is meant to be flexible and to encourage creativity and innovation. Nevertheless, every plan must be scientifically defensible and must make the best use of available data, staff, and resources. Moreover, some degree of consistency is required to link individual plans together into a continental-scale network. The checklist may provide a template that other conservation organizations, agencies, scientists, and activists can adapt to their programs.
Journal Article
Instrumentos de comando e controle para a conservação da natureza em terras privadas sempre fracassam?
by
Eleri Rafael Muniz Paulino
,
Lima Ranieri, Victor Eduardo
,
Lauro de Camargo Neto
in
Conservation
,
Preservation
,
Private property
2022
Os instrumentos de comando e controle destinados à conservação da natureza em propriedades privadas são considerados por muitos autores ineficientes e custosos para atingir níveis elevados de proteção. No município de Bonito (MS), um exemplo de iniciativa voltada para a proteção e recuperação da vegetação nativa, denominado “Projeto Formoso Vivo”, buscou promover a adequação de propriedades rurais trazendo bons resultados na proteção e recuperação das Áreas de Preservação Permanente e Reservas Legais. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar, a partir da percepção dos proprietários, o alcance do Projeto Formoso Vivo no que tange à adequação dos imóveis rurais ao regime jurídico-ambiental vigente que trata da proteção da vegetação nativa. Foram realizadas entrevistas, possibilitando análise qualitativa descritiva da percepção dos respondentes. A análise mostrou que todos os entrevistados reconhecem a importância do projeto e consideram possível conciliar a produção econômica da propriedade rural com as exigências de áreas destinadas à conservação.
Journal Article
Complementary benefits of tourism and hunting to communal conservancies in Namibia
2016
Tourism and hunting both generate substantial revenues for communities and private operators in Africa, but few studies have quantitatively examined the trade-offs and synergies that may result from these two activities. We evaluated financial and in-kind benefit streams from tourism and hunting on 77 communal conservancies in Namibia from 1998 to 2013, where community-based wildlife conservation has been promoted as a land-use that complements traditional subsistence agriculture. We used data collected annually for all communal conservancies to characterize whether benefits were derived from hunting or tourism. We classified these benefits into 3 broad classes and examined how benefits flowed to stakeholders within communities under the status quo and under a simulated ban on hunting. Across all conservancies, total benefits from hunting and tourism increased at roughly the same rate, although conservancies typically started generating benefits from hunting within 3 years of formation as opposed to after 6 years for tourism. Disaggregation of data revealed that the main benefits from hunting were income for conservancy management and food in the form of meat for the community at large. The majority of tourism benefits were salaried jobs at lodges. A simulated ban on trophy hunting significantly reduced the number of conservancies that could cover their operating costs, whereas eliminating income from tourism did not have as severe an effect. Given that the benefits generated from hunting and tourism typically begin at different times in a conservancy's life-span (earlier vs. later, respectively) and flow to different segments of local communities, these 2 activities together may provide the greatest incentives for conservation on communal lands in Namibia. A singular focus on either hunting or tourism would reduce the value of wildlife as a competitive land-use option and have grave repercussions for the viability of community-based conservation efforts in Namibia, and possibly other parts of Africa. El turismo y la caza generan ingresos públicos sustanciales para las comunidades y los operadores privados en África, pero pocos estudios han examinado cuantitativamente las compensaciones y las sinergias que pueden resultar de estas dos actividades. Evaluamos las oleadas de beneficios financieros y de pago en especie provenientes del turismo y la caza en 77 zonas de conservación comunal en Namibia desde 1998 a 2013, donde la conservación de vida silvestre basada en la comunidad ha sido promovida como un uso de suelo que complementa la agricultura tradicional de subsistencia. Usamos datos colectados anualmente de todas las zonas comunales para caracterizar si los beneficios se derivaron de la caza o el turismo. Clasificamos estos beneficios en tres categorías generales y examinamos cómo los beneficios fluyeron hacia los accionistas dentro de las comunidades bajo el status quo y bajo una prohibición simulada de la caza. En todas las zonas de conservación comunal, los beneficios totales de la caza y el turismo incrementaron aproximadamente a la misma tasa, aunque en estas zonas se comenzaron a generar beneficios de la caza normalmente dentro de los 3 años de formación, en contraste con del turismo que se generaron después de 6 años. La desagregación de los datos reveló que los principales beneficios de la caza fueron los ingresos para el manejo de la conservación y la comida en forma de carne para la mayoría de la comunidad. La mayoría de los beneficios del turismo fueron trabajos a sueldo en hospedajes. Una prohibición simulada sobre la caza de trofeos redujo significativamente el número de zonas de conservación que podrían cubrir sus gastos de operación, mientras que la eliminación del ingreso por el turismo no tuvo un efecto severo. Dado que los beneficios generados por la caza y el turismo comienzan comúnmente a tiempos distintos en la duración total de la conservación (más temprano que más tarde, respectivamente) y fluyen a segmentos diferentes de las comunidades locales, estas dos actividades juntas pueden proporcionar incentivos más grandes para la conservación en las tierras comunales de Namibia. Un foco único sobre la caza o el turismo puede reducir el valor de la vida silvestre como opción de uso de suelo competitivo y tener repercusiones graves sobre la viabilidad de los esfuerzos de conservación basada en comunidades de Namibia, y posiblemente de otras partes de África.
Journal Article
Quantifying current and potential contributions of Australian indigenous peoples to threatened species management
by
Leiper, Ian
,
Garnett, Stephen T.
,
Zander, Kerstin K.
in
Animals
,
asociaciones indígenas de conservación
,
Australia
2018
Formal engagement of indigenous peoples in conservation is increasing globally and leads to multiple benefits to communities while contributing to national and international biodiversity goals and obligations. This and ongoing declines in biodiversity have led to calls to increase opportunities for indigenous people to engage in managing their estates. However, there is no overarching understanding of indigenous peoples' involvement in conservation, which limits the identification of new opportunities. We amalgamated information across governments and large nongovernmental organizations in the megadiverse country of Australia to quantify the involvement of indigenous people in management of threatened species. We identified 153 Australian-based projects undertaken by different indigenous groups around the nation in 2015 and 2016 that included explicit funds for management of threatened species or threatened ecosystems. Most were in remote parts of western and northern Australia. Almost one-quarter of all threatened animals and 2% of threatened plants were the subject of some formal conservation action by indigenous people. Occurrence records for 1574 threatened species showed that 823 (89.2%) of 923 species recorded on indigenous peoples' lands were not listed in management projects. This gap may represent new opportunities for conservation initiatives. Because at least 59.5% of Australia's threatened species occur on indigenous peoples' lands, efforts to build appropriate and effective indigenous conservation alliances are vital. However, it is also important to recognize that threatened species are part of complex social, ecological, economic and cultural systems, and to achieve successful outcomes requires consideration of indigenous peoples'priorities, rights, and obligations and relationships with their traditionally owned land and sea. La participación formal de los pueblos nativos en la conservación está creciendo a nivel global, resultando en beneficios múltiples para las comunidades mientras contribuye a las obligaciones y objetivos nacionales e internacionales de biodiversidad. Esto y las continuas declinaciones en la biodiversidad han llevado a llamadas por el incremento de oportunidades para que los pueblos nativos participen en el manejo de sus tierras. Sin embargo, no existe un entendimiento dominante de la intervención de los pueblos nativos en la conservación, lo que limita la identificación de nuevas oportunidades. Amalgamamos la información de gobiernos y organizaciones no-gubernamentales en el país megadiverso de Australia para cuantificar la intervención de los pueblos nativos en el manejo de especies amenazadas. Identificamos 153 proyectos basados en Australia emprendidos por diferentes grupos indígenas en el país entre 2015 y 2016 que incluían un financiamiento explícito para el manejo de especies o ecosistemas amenazados. La mayoría ocurrieron en las partes remotas del norte y oeste de Australia. Casi un cuarto de todos los animales amenazados y el 2% de las plantas amenazadas eran el objetivo de alguna acción formal de conservación realizada por grupos indígenas. Los registros de ocurrencia para 1574 especies amenazadas mostraron que 823 (89.2%) de las 923 especies registradas en tierras pertenecientes a grupos indígenas no aparecían en las listas de los proyectos de manejo. Este vacío puede representar nuevas oportunidades para las iniciativas de conservación. Ya que al menos el 59.5% de las especies amenazadas de Australia están presentes en tierras de grupos indígenas, son vitales los esfuerzos para construir alianzas de conservación efectivas y apropiadas con los pueblos nativos. Sin embargo, también es importante reconocer que las especies amenazadas son parte de complejos sistemas sociales, ecológicos, económicos y culturales, y para obtener resultados exitosos se requiere la consideración de las prioridades, derechos, y obligaciones de los pueblos nativos y sus relaciones con las tierras y mar de propiedad tradicional. 全球范围内, 原住民正越来越多地正式参与到保护当中,这给社区带来许多好处,还有助于达成国 家及全球生物多祥性保护目标和义务。随着生物多祥性不断下降,人们呼吁増加原住民参与管理其居住地的机 会。然而, 目前对原住民参与保护的了解不够全面, 限制了新机会的发现。我们整合了澳大利亚政府和大型非政 府组织的信息, 定量分析了这个生物多祥性大国的原住民在瀕危物种管理中的参与情况。我们确定了 2015 年 和 2016 年全国各地不同的原住民群体在澳大利亚开展的 153个的项目,它们都明确地为濒危物种或瀕危生态 系统管理设立了基金。这些项目大多建立在澳大利亚偏远的西部和北部。原住民正式保护行动的対象包含了澳 大利亚近四分之一的瀕危动物和百分之ニ的濒危植 物。1574 个瀕危物种的出现记录表明,在原住民的土地上 记录到的 923 个物种中有 823 种(89.2%)未被列入管理项目。这ー差距可能也意味着保护计划有新的机会。 由于澳大利亚瀕危物种中至少 59.5% 在原住民的土地有分布,努力建立合适并有效的原住民保护联盟十分重 要。同时还需要认识到,濒危物种是社会、生态、经济和文化的复杂系统中的一部分,要取得保护成果需要考虑 原住民的优先性、权ヵ和义务,以及与他们向来拥有的土地和海洋的关系。
Journal Article
Microtargeting for conservation
by
Pallai, Cassandra
,
Phelan, Conor N.
,
Yuhas, Ben
in
Analytics
,
asignación de recursos
,
behavior change
2019
Widespread human action and behavior change is needed to achieve many conservation goals. Doing so at the requisite scale and pace will require the efficient delivery of outreach campaigns. Conservation gains will be greatest when efforts are directed toward places of high conservation value (or need) and tailored to critical actors. Recent strategic conservation planning has relied primarily on spatial assessments of biophysical attributes, largely ignoring the human dimensions. Elsewhere, marketers, political campaigns, and others use microtargeting—predictive analytics of big data—to identify people most likely to respond positively to particular messages or interventions. Conservationists have not yet widely capitalized on these techniques. To investigate the effectiveness of microtargeting to improve conservation, we developed a propensity model to predict restoration behavior among 203,645 private landowners in a 5,200,000 ha study area in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed (U.S.A.). To isolate the additional value microtargeting may offer beyond geospatial prioritization, we analyzed a new high-resolution land-cover data set and cadastral data to identify private owners of riparian areas needing restoration. Subsequently, we developed and evaluated a restoration propensity model based on a database of landowners who had conducted restoration in the past and those who had not (n = 4978). Model validation in a parallel database (n = 4989) showed owners with the highest scorers for propensity to conduct restoration (i.e., top decile) were over twice as likely as average landowners to have conducted restoration (135%). These results demonstrate that microtargeting techniques can dramatically increase the efficiency and efficacy of conservation programs, above and beyond the advances offered by biophysical prioritizations alone, as well as facilitate more robust research of many social–ecological systems.
Se necesitan acciones humanas diseminadas y un cambio en el comportamiento para lograr muchos objetivos de conservación. Que selogre estoa la escala y al ritmorequeridorequerirá de la entrega eficiente de las campañas de participación. Las ganancias de la conservación serán mayores cuando los esfuerzos estén dirigidos hacia sitios con un alto valor (o necesidad) de conservación yestén personalizados paralos actores más importantes. La reciente planeación estratégica de la conservación ha dependido principalmente de las evaluaciones espaciales de los atributos biofísicos, ignorando generalmente las dimensiones humanas. En otros ámbitos, los mercadólogos, las campañas políticas, así como otros, usan la micro-focalización – el análisis predictivo de datos masivos – para identificar a las personas con mayor probabilidad de responder positivamente a mensajes o intervenciones particulares. Los conservacionistas todavía no han capitalizado extensamente estas técnicas. Desarrollamos un modelo de tendencia para predecir el comportamiento de restauración entre 203,645 terratenientes privados en un área de estudio de 5,200,000 ha en la cuenca de la Bahía de Chesapeake (E.U.A.) y así investigar la eficiencia de la micro-focalización en el aumento de la conservación. Para aislar el valor adicional que puede ofrecer la micro-focalización más allá de la priorización geoespacial, analizamos un nuevo conjunto de alta resolución de datossobrelacoberturadelsueloydatoscatastralesparaidentificaralosterratenientesprivadosdeáreas ribereñas que necesitan restauración. Después de esto, desarrollamos y evaluamos el modelo de tendencia a la restauración basado en una base de datos de terratenientes que han realizado restauraciones en el pasado y aquellos que no (n = 4,978). La validación del modelo en una base de datos paralela (n = 4,989) mostró que los terratenientes con los puntajes másaltosparalatendenciaalarestauración (es decir, el decil superior) tenían el doble de probabilidad de haber realizado acciones de conservación que el terrateniente promedio (135%). Estos resultados muestran que las técnicas de micro-focalización pueden incrementar dramáticamente la eficiencia y la eficacia de los programas de conservación, más allá de los avances ofrecidos sólo por las priorizaciones biofísicas, así como facilitar la investigación más sólida sobre muchos sistemas socio-ecológicos.
许多保护目标的实现都需要广泛的行动和行为转变,要以必要的规模和速度完成这些转变,则需要有效幵 展宣传活动。只有在开展工作时针对具有高保护价值(或需求)的地区和关键的实践者,才能取得最大的保护成 效。然而,近期的战略保护规划主要依赖于对生物物理属性的空间尺度评估,在很大程度上忽略了人类因素。 而在如市场营销、政治活动和其它领域常用微目标的方法(即大数据预测分析)来识别最有可能对特定信息或 干预措施作出积极响应的人群。这样的方法在保护实践者中尚未被广泛采用。为了研究微目标是否有助于保 护,我们开发了ー个偏好模型来预测美国切萨皮克海湾流域(Chesapeake Bay Watershed) 5,200,000 公顷的研究 区域内,203,645 名私有土地拥有者的生态恢复行为。为了确定在地理空间保护优先级划分之外,微目标的方法 可能提供的额外价值,我们利用一套新的高精度土地覆盖数据集和地籍数据找出了需要恢复的河岸区域土地拥 有者。接下来,我们开发并评估了一个恢复偏好模型,该模型是基于曾经进行过恢复的土地拥有者和没有进行 过恢复的土地拥有者的数据库(n = 4,978) 构建的。平行数据库(n = 4,989) 的模型验证表明,进行恢复的倾向 性得分最高的土地拥有者(前百分之十)采取恢复行动的可能性是平均得分的土地拥有者的两倍多(135°/。)。这 些结果表明, 微目标方法可以大大提高保护项目的效率和效能,其意义超越単一的生物物理保护优先级划分,且 可以推动许多社会生态系统的有力研究。
Journal Article
Mapping opportunities and challenges for rewilding in Europe
by
Navarro, Laetitia M.
,
Verburg, Peter H.
,
Ceaușu, Silvia
in
abandono de tierras agrícolas
,
Agricultural land
,
Agriculture
2015
Farmland abandonment takes place across the world due to socio‐economic and ecological drivers. In Europe agricultural and environmental policies aim to prevent abandonment and halt ecological succession. Ecological rewilding has been recently proposed as an alternative strategy. We developed a framework to assess opportunities for rewilding across different dimensions of wilderness in Europe. We mapped artificial light, human accessibility based on transport infrastructure, proportion of harvested primary productivity (i.e., ecosystem productivity appropriated by humans through agriculture or forestry), and deviation from potential natural vegetation in areas projected to be abandoned by 2040. At the continental level, the levels of artificial light were low and the deviation from potential natural vegetation was high in areas of abandonment. The relative importance of wilderness metrics differed regionally and was strongly connected to local environmental and socio‐economic contexts. Large areas of projected abandonment were often located in or around Natura 2000 sites. Based on these results, we argue that management should be tailored to restore the aspects of wilderness that are lacking in each region. There are many remaining challenges regarding biodiversity in Europe, but megafauna species are already recovering. To further potentiate large‐scale rewilding, Natura 2000 management would need to incorporate rewilding approaches. Our framework can be applied to assessing rewilding opportunities and challenges in other world regions, and our results could guide redirection of subsidies to manage social‐ecological systems.
Journal Article
A climate-change vulnerability and adaptation assessment for Brazil’s protected areas
by
Ogawa, Fernanda
,
Carpigiani, Larissa
,
Ometto, Jean P. H. B.
in
Adaptation
,
Amazonia
,
Biodiversity
2020
Brazil hosts the largest expanse of tropical ecosystems within protected areas (PAs), which shelter biodiversity and support traditional human populations. We assessed the vulnerability to climate change of 993 terrestrial and coastal-marine Brazilian PAs by combining indicators of climatic-change hazard with indicators of PA resilience (size, native vegetation cover, and probability of climate-driven vegetation transition). This combination of indicators allows the identification of broad climate-change adaptation pathways. Seventeen PAs (20,611 km²) were highly vulnerable and located mainly in the Atlantic Forest (7 PAs), Cerrado (6), and the Amazon (4). Two hundred fifty-eight PAs (756,569 km²), located primarily in Amazonia, had a medium vulnerability. In the Amazon and western Cerrado, the projected severe climatic change and probability of climate-driven vegetation transition drove vulnerability up, despite the generally good conservation status of PAs. Over 80% of PAs of high or moderate vulnerability are managed by indigenous populations. Hence, besides the potential risks to biodiversity, the traditional knowledge and livelihoods of the people inhabiting these PAs may be threatened. In at least 870 PAs, primarily in the Atlantic Forest and Amazon, adaptation could happen with little or no intervention due to low climate-change hazard, high resilience status, or both. At least 20 PAs in the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Amazonia should be targeted for stronger interventions (e.g., improvement of ecological connectivity), given their low resilience status. Despite being a first attempt to link vulnerability and adaptation in Brazilian PAs, we suggest that some of the PAs identified as highly or moderately vulnerable should be prioritized for testing potential adaptation strategies in the near future.
Brasil alberga la mayor extensión de ecosistemas tropicales dentro de áreas protegidas (AP), que protegen la biodiversidad y sustentan a poblaciones humanas tradicionales. Evaluamos la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático de 993 AP brasileñas terrestres y costeras-marinas mediante la combinación de indicadores de riesgo de cambio climático con indicadores de la resiliencia de AP (tamaño, cobertura de vegetación nativa y la probabilidad de transición en la vegetación como consecuencia del cambio climático). Esta combinación de indicadores permite la identificación de amplias rutas de adaptación al cambio climático. Diecisiete AP (20,611 km²) fueron altamente vulnerables y se localizaron principalmente en el Bosque Atlántico (7 AP), El Cerrado (6) ylaAmazonía (4). Doscientos cincuenta y ocho AP (756,569 km²), localizadas principalmente en la Amazonía, tuvieron vulnerabilidad media. En la Amazonía y el oeste de El Cerrado, el severo cambio climático proyectado y la probabilidad de transición de vegetación dirigida por el clima incrementó la vulnerabilidad, a pesar del estado de conservación generalmente bueno de las AP. Más de 80% de las AP con vulnerabilidad alta o media son manejadas por poblaciones indígenas. Por lo tanto, además de los riesgos potenciales para la biodiversidad, también hay amenazas para el conocimiento tradicional y las formas de vida de la gente que habita en esas AP. En por lo menos 870 AP, principalmente en el Bosque Atlántico y la Amazonía, la adaptación podría suceder con poca o ninguna intervención debido al bajo riesgo de cambio climático, estatus de resiliencia alta, o ambos. Por lo menos 20 AP en el Bosque Atlántico, El Cerrado y la Amazonía deberían ser objetivo de intervenciones mayores (e.g., mejoramiento de la conectividad ecológica), dada su estatus de resiliencia baja. A pesar de que es un primer intento para vincular vulnerabilidad y adaptación en AP brasileñas, sugerimos que algunas de las AP identificadas como alta o moderadamente vulnerables se deben priorizar para probar posibles estrategias de adaptación en un futuro próximo.
巴西是保护地体系中热带生态系统面积最大的国家,这里的保护地支撑着生物多样性及当地的传统人 群。我们结合气候变化灾害指标与保护地恢复力指标 (面积、原生植被覆盖、气候驱动植被转变的可能性), 评 估了巴西 993 个陆地和近岸海域保护地对气候变化响应的脆弱性。这些指标的结合有助于确定广泛的气候变 化适应机制。结果显示, 有十七个保护地 (20,611平方公里) 被评为高度脆弱, 它们主要分布在大西洋森林 (7 个 保护地)、塞拉多 (6 个) 和亚马逊 (4 个); 两百五十八个主要位于亚马逊流域的保护地 (756,569平方公里) 被评 为中度脆弱。在亚马逊和塞拉多西部, 虽然保护地的保护情况总体良好, 但预测的气候变化严峻且气候驱动植 被转变的可能性高, 这加剧了保护地的脆弱性。高度或中度脆弱的保护地中, 80%以上由原住民管理, 因此, 除了 生物多样性的面临的潜在风险之外,这些居住在保护地的人群的传统知识和生计也可能受到威胁。在主要位于 大西洋森林和亚马逊地区的至少 870 个保护地中,由于气候变化危害弱、保护地恢复力强或二者共同作用,可 能在很少或是没有干预的情况下产生适应。大西洋森林、塞拉多和亚马逊流域的至少二十个保护地由于恢复力 较弱, 应得到更有力的干预 (如提高生态连通性)。 尽管这是第一个将巴西保护地的脆弱性和适应性联系起来的 研究, 但我们建议一些被评为高度或中度脆弱的保护地应该在不久的将来优先实施可能的适应保护策略。
Journal Article
Evaluating Private Land Conservation in the Cape Lowlands, South Africa
by
COWLING, RICHARD M.
,
VON HASE, AMREI
,
ROUGET, MATHIEU
in
acuerdos de conservación contractuales
,
acuerdos de conservación informales
,
administración
2010
Evaluation is important for judiciously allocating limited conservation resources and for improving conservation success through learning and strategy adjustment. We evaluated the application of systematic conservation planning goals and conservation gains from incentive-based stewardship interventions on private land in the Cape Lowlands and Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. We collected spatial and nonspatial data (2003-2007) to determine the number of hectares of vegetation protected through voluntary contractual and legally nonbinding (informal) agreements with landowners; resources spent on these interventions; contribution of the agreements to 5- and 20-year conservation goals for representation and persistence in the Cape Lowlands of species and ecosystems; and time and staff required to meet these goals. Conservation gains on private lands across the Cape Floristic Region were relatively high. In 5 years, 22,078 ha (27,800 ha of land) and 46,526 ha (90,000 ha of land) of native vegetation were protected through contracts and informal agreements, respectively. Informal agreements often were opportunity driven and cheaper and faster to execute than contracts. All contractual agreements in the Cape Lowlands were within areas of high conservation priority (identified through systematic conservation planning), which demonstrated the conservation plan's practical application and a high level of overlap between resource investment (approximately R1.14 million/year in the lowlands) and priority conservation areas. Nevertheless, conservation agreements met only 11% of 5-year and 9% of 20-year conservation goals for Cape Lowlands and have made only a moderate contribution to regional persistence of flora to date. Meeting the plan's conservation goals will take three to five times longer and many more staff members to maintain agreements than initially envisaged.
Journal Article