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In this paper we showed that the results of input-output impact analyses can vary significantly depending on whether current prices or constant prices are used, particularly when the deflation method differed from the conventional double deflation approach. We quantified the transfer of productivity surplus from constant price input-output tables obtained by applying appropriate price indices through a single deflation method. Focusing on the Spanish economy during the period 2010–2019, we analyzed the redistribution of this surplus among sectors. We algebraically defined the rule for distributing productivity gains across sectors in response to an exogenous demand shock. Due to the presence of forward and backward productivity linkages, sectors may experience productivity gains or losses, irrespective of where the demand shock originates.

Many of the papers submitted to Small - scale Forestry contain financial analyses of forestry investments. Unfortunately, both the method of analysis and the reporting of the analysis in initial submissions are often inadequate, and result in manuscripts being rejected or requiring major revision prior to acceptance. This paper discusses some of the common deficiencies in financial analyses in research papers, and presents a simplified financial analysis of a forestry plantation development to illustrate key points. Simple guidelines are presented to overcome common major weaknesses, for example in identifying relevant cash flows, confusion between financial and economic analysis, dealing with capital outlays, and determining an appropriate discount rate.

This paper is an attempt to analyze changing energy intensities in the Indian economy. The hybrid I-O model at constant prices has been used to address the problem of homogenous pricing of energy inputs across sectors of the economy. Results reveal that the indirect rather than direct energy use is an important source of energy consumption. In such scenario, conservation measures should be pegged in upstream suppliers through technological improvements, fuel substitution or input replacements. Finally, the paper argues that improvements in energy efficiency in the production chains are likely to be more effective than changes within the production process.

This paper addresses the question whether the results of input-output (IO) impact analyses differ (and to what extent) when a framework in current prices or in constant prices is used. We consider the effect of an exogenous stimulus of final demand in current prices on (a) gross output in constant prices, and (b) employment. In an empirical application to Denmark, we found that all predicted effects were very similar. This holds in particular for the results at the aggregate, economy-wide level and, to a lesser extent, at the sectoral level. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): C67, D57.

A major concern regarding the consequences of offshoring is the worsening of the labour market position of low-skilled workers. This paper addresses this issue by providing evidence on the impact of offshoring on the skill structure of manufacturing employment in Belgium between 1995 and 2007. Offshoring is found to significantly lower the employment share of low-skilled workers. Its contribution to the fall in the employment share of low-skilled workers amounts to 35 %. This is mainly driven by offshoring to Central and Eastern European countries. While most of the previous papers on this subject focus on materials offshoring, we show that offshoring of business services also contributes significantly to the fall in the low-skilled employment share. As a complement to the existing literature, we compare the widely used current price measure of offshoring with a constant price measure that is based on a deflation with separate price indices for domestic output and imports. This reveals that the former underestimate the extent of offshoring and its impact on low-skilled employment. Finally, we also find that the impact of offshoring on low-skilled employment is significantly smaller in industries with a higher ICT capital intensity.

Consistent real income comparisons over time and space are critical for studies on catch-up and convergence. The paper provides an analytical framework for making real income comparisons across countries and over time that satisfy transitivity and at the same time reflect an underlying nonhomothetic utility function for a representative consumer. The concept of reference price comparisons is developed and implemented using nonhomothetic translog and almost ideal demand systems. The paper discusses a direct approach, which uses all the parameters of the demand system to make real income comparisons, and an indirect approach, which adjusts the national price-based comparisons using reduced information only on income elasticities of demand. The proposed approach is empirically implemented using data from the 1980 and 1996 benchmark data from the International Comparison Program, and the empirical results confirm the analytical results discussed in the paper.

Equity and growth are central concerns for development in Mexico. Specific inequalities in income, power, wealth, and status create and sustain economic institutions and policies that perpetuate these inequalities and promote poor economic performace. 'No Growth without Equity? Inequality, Interests, and Competition in Mexico' presents a novel analysis showing why more equality is necessary to increase economic growth. The authors analyze the causes of persistent inequality and weak growth in Mexico, despite major changes associated with NAFTA and democratization, and draw implications for policy design. The book involves an innovative synthesis of work on overall links between equity and growth, and carefully grounded analysis in specific areas. The issues are of intense interest to policy debate in Mexico and to the development community in Latin America and elsewhere.

Contemporary Arab Affairs National accounts of Arab countries: selected indicators Gross domestic product (GDP); GDP at current prices; GDP at constant prices; GDP per capita; GDP by economic sectors; real GDP

Poor people derive most of their income from work; however, there is insufficient understanding of the role of employment and earnings as a linkage between growth and poverty reduction, especially in low income countries. With the objective of providing inputs into the policy discussion on how to enhance poverty reduction through increased employment and earnings for given growth levels, this study explores this linkage in the case of Madagascar using data from the national accounts and household surveys from the years 1999, 2001, and 2005, a period characterized among others by a short but severe crisis which started at the end of 2001 and the subsequent economic rebound. This report is part of a series of studies conducted in the context of the World Bank’s research framework aiming to improve the understanding of the linkages among growth, labor, and poverty reduction.