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New and improved therapies to treat and protect against drug dependence and abuse are urgently needed. In the United States alone about 50 million people regularly smoke tobacco and another 5 million are addicted to other drugs. In a given year, millions of these individuals attempt-with or without medical assistance-to quit using drugs, though relapse remains the norm. Furthermore, each year several million teenagers start smoking and nearly as many take illicit drugs for the first time. Research is advancing on promising new means of treating drug addiction using immunotherapies and sustained-release (depot) medications. The aim of this research is to develop medications that can block or significantly attenuate the psychoactive effects of such drugs as cocaine, nicotine, heroin, phencyclidine, and methamphetamine for weeks or months at a time. This represents a fundamentally new therapeutic approach that shows promise for treating drug addiction problems that were difficult to treat in the past. Despite their potential benefits, however, several characteristics of these new methods pose distinct behavioral, ethical, legal, and social challenges that require careful scrutiny. Such issues can be considered unique aspects of safety and efficacy that are fundamentally related to the distinct nature and properties of these new types of medications.

Efficacy of spinosad and malathion loaded in eco-friendly biodegradable formulations was evaluated for controlling larvae. Malathion (organophosphorus larvicide) and spinosad (naturally derived insecticide) were loaded on chitosan/alginate/gelatin capsules. Capsules were characterized by size measurement, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and water uptake. In vitro release kinetics of the larvicides was studied in the running and stagnant water. Biochemical studies on the larvae treated with technical and formulated insecticides were also demonstrated. The results indicated that the released spinosad was active for a long time up to 48 and 211 days in the running and stagnant water, respectively. However, the capsules loaded with malathion showed larvicidal activity for 20 and 27 days in the running and stagnant water, respectively. Technical and formulated malathion and spinosad had an inhibition effect on acetylcholinesterase, carboxylesterase, and glutathione -transferase. The results proved that the prepared capsules consisting of biodegradable polymers containing larvicides could be effective as controlled-release formulation against larvae for a long period.

Malaria is a principal cause of illness and death in countries where the disease is endemic. Personal protection against mosquitoes using repellents could be a useful method that can reduce and/or prevent transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. The available repellent products, such as creams, roll-ons, and sprays for personal protection against mosquitoes, lack adequate long-term efficacy. In most cases, they need to be re-applied or replaced frequently. The encapsulation and release of the repellents from several matrices has risen as an alternative process for the development of invention of repellent based systems. The present work reviews various studies about the development and use of repellent controlled-release formulations such as polymer microcapsules, polymer microporous formulations, polymer micelles, nanoemulsions, solid-lipid nanoparticles, liposomes and cyclodextrins as new tools for mosquito-borne malaria control in the outdoor environment. Furthermore, investigation on the mathematical modelling used for the release rate of repellents is discussed in depth by exploring the Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, Weibull models, as well as the recently developed Mapossa model. Therefore, the studies searched suggest that the final repellents based-product should not only be effective against mosquito vectors of malaria parasites, but also reduce the biting frequency of other mosquitoes transmitting diseases, such as dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika virus. In this way, they will contribute to the improvement in overall public health and social well-being.

Mating disruption (MD) is an environmentally friendly pest management approach that uses synthetic pheromones to interfere with insect mate location and reproduction. This review summarizes current progress in the application of MD for stored-product pests, with emphasis on Lepidoptera (Plodia interpunctella Hübner and Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Pyralidae)) and Coleoptera (Sitophilus spp. (Curculionidae)). For moth pests, numerous studies have demonstrated substantial suppression of mating and population growth under both laboratory and field conditions, particularly when MD is integrated with sanitation, monitoring and other IPM measures. Conversely, MD applications against beetles have been less successful due to their aggregation-based communication and lower volatility of their pheromones. Advances in pheromone formulation technology, including polymer dispensers, microencapsulated sprays and aerosol emitters, have improved pheromone stability and controlled release, although achieving uniform coverage in large and aerated storage environments remains challenging. The integration of MD with biological control, temperature management and reduced fumigant use offers promising directions for sustainable pest suppression. Continued development of smart-release devices, long-term field validation and integration with automated monitoring systems will further enhance the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of MD. Overall, MD represents a key behavioral component in reducing pesticide reliance and promoting sustainable management of stored-product pests.

Pregabalin is a widely used drug for the management of neuropathic pain. This study compared the pharmacokinetics of the GLA5PR GLARS-NF1 tablet, a 150-mg controlled-release formulation of pregabalin taken once daily, with those of a 75-mg immediate-release (IR) capsule formulation of pregabalin taken twice daily with a 12-h interval between doses. Two separate studies, single dose and multiple dose, were conducted with a sequence-randomized, open-label crossover design. In the single-dose study, 30 participants each received 3 treatments: two 75-mg IR capsules taken 12 h apart, each after a high-fat meal (SRF treatment); a single 150-mg GLA5PR GLARS-NF1 tablet taken after a high-fat meal (STF treatment); and a single 150-mg GLAR5PR GLARS-NF1 tablet taken in an overnight-fasted state (ST treatment). In the multiple-dose study, 24 participants each received 2 treatments, both of which occurred over 3 days: one 75-mg IR capsule in the evening after a standardized meal and a second 75-mg IR capsule the following morning after a standardized meal, for 3 days (MRF treatment); and a single 150-mg GLA5PR GLARS-NF1 tablet in the evening after a standardized meal, for 3 days (MTF treatment). Blood samples for pharmacokinetic assessments were collected over the 36 h following drug administration in each treatment period. In the single-dose study, the geometric mean ratios (GMRs) of the Cmax and the AUClast values of the GLA5PR GLARS-NF1 tablet to those of the IR capsules (STF/SRF) were 1.047 (90% CI, 0.971–1.129) and 0.757 (90% CI, 0.694–0.826), respectively. In the multiple-dose study, the GMRs (MTF/MRF) of the Cmax and the AUC values over the dosing interval were 1.277 (90% CI, 1.210–1.348) and 0.974 (90% CI, 0.933–1.017), respectively. The systemic pregabalin exposure from the GLA5PR GLARS-NF1 tablet was higher in the fed state than in the fasted state; GMRs (STF/ST): Cmax, 1.458 (90% CI, 1.353–1.573) and AUClast, 1.655 (90% CI, 1.518–1.804). The overall pregabalin exposure after multiple administrations of GLA5PR GLARS-NF1 tablets was comparable to that after multiple administrations of the IR capsules. A single administration of the GLA5PR GLARS-NF1 tablet produced lower overall pregabalin exposure than that of the same dose administered in 2 IR capsules taken every 12 h. A high-fat diet significantly increased the bioavailability of the GLA5PR GLARS-NF1 tablet. ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT01638273 and NCT02326987.

In this work, the use of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is highlighted in enhancing the controlled release behaviour of zinc/aluminium layered double hydroxide-quinclorac (Zn/Al-LDH-QC). The Zn/Al-LDH-QC-CMC nanocomposite were characterised using powder x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The release study was carried out in an aqueous solution of Na3PO4, Na2SO4 and NaCl, so as to mimic the environmental condition where the QC is frequently used. The Zn/Al-LDH-QC-CMC nanocomposites showed better performance in releasing QC, with prolonged release time ranging from 163–6083 min, compared to 99–2639 min for the uncoated nanocomposites. The hygroscopic nature of the CMC play a critical role in enhancing the release behaviour of the Zn/Al-LDH-QC-CMC. The kinetic study shows that the Zn/Al-LDH-QC-CMC follows the pseudo-second order kinetic model; hence the release mechanism occurred via dissolution of the CMC matrix and the ion exchange process. These results, therefore, indicate the potential of Zn/Al-LDH-QC-CMC in dealing with the downside effect of the excessive usage of herbicide in paddy cultivation.Graphic abstract

Background Systemic antibiotic administration requires repeated dosing to maintain therapeutic plasma concentrations. Controlled drug delivery systems reduce the need for continuous systemic antibiotic use by ensuring that the drug is released at the target site, at an effective dose, and for a specific period of time. In this study, amoxicillin and clindamycin were loaded onto silk and Vicryl sutures, which were surface-activated via non-thermal atmospheric plasma. The antibiotic binding capacities and controlled release profiles of these systems were subsequently evaluated. Methods Suture surfaces were modified using atmospheric plasma to enhance adhesion properties. Amoxicillin and clindamycin were loaded onto silk and Vicryl sutures via glutaraldehyde or chitosan cross-linkers to form eight experimental groups. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate. Samples were incubated in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and antibiotic release was quantified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) at 6, 12, 24, and 36 h. Results In vitro experiments revealed a clear influence of both the suture material and the type of cross-linking agent on antibiotic release, and this effect also depended on the antibiotic used ( p  < 0.001). Silk sutures treated with glutaraldehyde and loaded with clindamycin exhibited the highest release concentration (591.6 ng/mL), followed by the silk–chitosan–clindamycin group (190.21 ng/mL). Conversely, the lowest release was observed in the silk–glutaraldehyde–amoxicillin group (2.58 ng/mL). The comparative evaluation indicated that silk sutures released more antibiotic than Vicryl, glutaraldehyde provided higher release than chitosan, and clindamycin showed markedly greater release than amoxicillin ( p  < 0.001). Conclusion Surface modification with atmospheric plasma is an effective strategy to enhance the functional characteristics of antibiotic-releasing sutures. This study demonstrates that modified silk and Vicryl materials can achieve site-specific and time-regulated antibiotic delivery. Notably, the silk–glutaraldehyde–clindamycin formulation exhibited the highest release levels and the most robust antibacterial response. These findings suggest that antibiotic-loaded sutures serve as a safe and practical alternative for preventing surgical site infections, potentially reducing reliance on systemic antibiotics. Ultimately, this approach supports the development of next-generation biomaterials designed to mitigate antibiotic resistance and optimize local infection control.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are the novel invention of modern science in which drug is surrounded by a polymeric membrane where the drugs are dissolved, entrapped, adsorbed, attached and/or encapsulated into or onto a Nano-particulate matrix. The drug delivery vehicles are generally <100 nm in size with at least one dimension and consist of different biodegradable materials such as natural or synthetic polymers, lipids, or metals. Nanoparticles Preparation by Cross Linking Techniques: These nanoparticles are prepared from amphiphilic macromolecules, proteins and polysaccharides which have an affinity for aqueous and lipid solvents. The method involves the emulsification of bovine serum albumin/human serum albumin or protein aqueous solution in oil using high-pressure homogenization or high-frequency sonication.

A neutrally charged insecticide, imidacloprid (IC), has been intercalated into zinc hydroxide nitrate (ZHN) with the assistance of sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS). The presence of SDS assists the intercalation of IC by forming a hydrophobic region in the interlayer gallery of ZHN. The intercalated compound, ZHN–SDS–IC, was characterised using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and gas sorption analysis. The PXRD studies demonstrated intercalation peaks at lower 2θ, which confirmed the intercalation of IC and SDS in the interlayer gallery of ZHN. The release and kinetic studies of ZHN–SDS–IC reveals that the IC were successfully released in controlled manner (with release time up to 1478 min), and were governed by pseudo second order kinetic model. The ZHN–SDS–IC synthesised is hopefully beneficial in overcoming the consequences of excessive usage of insecticide in paddy cultivation.

This study aimed to formulate floating gastroretentive tablets containing metformin hydrochloric acid (HCl), using various grades of hydrogel such as tamarind powders and xanthan to overcome short gastric residence time of the conventional dosage forms. Different concentrations of the hydrogels were tested to determine the formulation that could provide a sustained release of 12 h. Eleven formulations with different ratios of tamarind seed powder/tamarind kernel powder (TKP):xanthan were prepared. The physical parameters were observed, and in vitro drug-release studies of the prepared formulations were carried out. Optimal formulation was assessed for physicochemical properties, thermal stability, and chemical interaction followed by in vivo gamma scintigraphy study. MKP3 formulation with a TKP:xanthan ratio of 3:2 was found to have 99.87% release over 12 h. Furthermore, in vivo gamma scintigraphy study was carried out for the optimized formulation in healthy New Zealand White rabbits, and the pharmacokinetic parameters of developed formulations were obtained. Sm O was used to trace the profile of release in the gastrointestinal tract of the rabbits, and the drug release was analyzed. The time ( ) at which the maximum concentration of metformin HCl in the blood ( ) was observed, and it was extended four times for the gastroretentive formulation in comparison with the formulation without polymers. and the half-life were found to be within an acceptable range. It is therefore concluded that MKP3 is the optimal formulation for sustained release of metformin HCl over a period of 12 h as a result of its floating properties in the gastric region.