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ABSTRACT The development and utilisation of urban underground space is an important part of urban construction, and urban 3D geological modelling is an important standard to evaluate the difficulty of underground space development and utilisation. At present, the urban 3D geological modelling is often the construction of a single expression of the 3D model. Existing urban integration is a fusion and integration of 3D models of different spatial locations, but there is little research on the integration of different expression models in the same spatial location, especially in the integration of 3D geological structure model and 3D geological attribute model. To solve this problem, this paper takes the core business district of Tianfu New District of Chengdu city as the research area and the urban geological survey of Chengdu city as the data base, adopts the borehole-based rapid modelling technology to build the urban 3D geological structure model, uses the grid segmentation and attribute interpolation to realise the model integration, and builds the vector grid integrated 3D geological model of ‘one model, multiple expressions’. It is helpful to comprehensively consider the problems of geological structure and geological properties.

Large carnivores play an important role in the functioning of ecosystems, yet their conservation remains a massive challenge across the world. Owing to wide‐ranging habits, they encounter various anthropogenic pressures, affecting their movement in different landscape. Therefore, studying how large carnivores adapt their movement to dynamic landscape conditions is vital for management and conservation policy. A total of 26 individuals across 4 species of large carnivores of different sex and age classes (14 Panthera tigris, 3 Panthera pardus, 5 Cuon alpinus, and 4 Canis lupus pallipes) were GPS collared and monitored from 2014–19. We quantified movement parameters (step length and net squared displacement) of four large carnivores in and outside protected areas in India. We tested the effects of human pressures such as human density, road network, and landuse types on the movement of the species. We also examined the configuration of core areas as a strategy to subsist in a human‐dominated landscape using BBMM. Mean displacement of large carnivores varied from 99.35 m/hr for leopards to 637.7 m/hr for wolves. Tigers outside PAs exhibited higher displacement than tigers inside PAs. Moreover, displacement during day–night was significantly different for tigers inside and outside PAs. Similarly, wolf also showed significant difference between day‐night movement. However, no difference in day–night movement was found for leopard and dholes. Anthropogenic factors such as road length and proportion of agriculture within the home range of tigers outside PAs were found to be significantly different. All the habitat variables in the home range showed significant difference between the social canids. The core area size for tiger outside PA and wolf was found greater than PAs. The study on movement of large carnivore species across landscapes is crucial for conservation planning. Our findings can be a starting point for interlinking animal movement and landscape management of large carnivore conservation in the current Anthropocene. The study is about movement parameters of four large carnivores in and outside protected areas in India (tiger, leopard, dhole, and wolf). In this study, we tested the effects of human pressures like human density, road density, and landuse types on the movement of the species. Finally, we examined the configuration of core areas as a strategy to exploit the human‐dominated landscape.

Loss of natural forests by forest clearcutting has been identified as a critical conservation challenge worldwide. This study addressed forest fragmentation and loss in the context of the establishment of a functional green infrastructure as a spatiotemporally connected landscape-scale network of habitats enhancing biodiversity, favorable conservation status, and ecosystem services. Through retrospective analysis of satellite images, we assessed a 50- to 60-year spatiotemporal clearcutting impact trajectory on natural and near-natural boreal forests across a sizable and representative region from the Gulf of Bothnia to the Scandinavian Mountain Range in northern Fennoscandia. This period broadly covers the whole forest clearcutting period; thus, our approach and results can be applied to comprehensive impact assessment of industrial forest management. The entire study region covers close to 46,000 km² of forest-dominated landscape in a late phase of transition from a natural or near-natural to a land-use modified state. We found a substantial loss of intact forest, in particular of large, contiguous areas, a spatial polarization of remaining forest on regional scale where the inland has been more severely affected than the mountain and coastal zones, and a pronounced impact on interior forest core areas. Salient results were a decrease in area of the largest intact forest patch from 225,853 to 68,714 ha in the mountain zone and from 257,715 to 38,668 ha in the foothills zone, a decrease from 75% to 38% intact forest in the inland zones, a decrease in largest patch core area (assessed by considering 100-m patch edge disturbance) from 6114 to 351 ha in the coastal zone, and a geographic imbalance in protected forest with an evident predominance in the mountain zone. These results demonstrate profound disturbance of configuration of the natural forest landscape and disrupted connectivity, which challenges the establishment of functional green infrastructure. Our approach supports the identification of forests for expanded protection and conservation-oriented forest landscape restoration. La pérdida de bosques naturales por causa de la tala uniforme de árboles en los mismos ha sido identificada como unreto muyimportantepara la conservación global. Esteestudioabordó la fragmentación y pérdida de bosques en el contexto del establecimiento de una infraestructura verde funcional como una red de hábitats a escala de paisaje conectados espacio-temporalmente que mejoren la biodiversidad, los estados favorables de conservación y los servicios ambientales. Por medio de un análisis retrospectivo de imágenes satelitales evaluamos una trayectoria de impacto espacio-temporal de 50 a 60 años de tala uniforme sobre bosques boreales naturales y casi naturales en una región considerable y representativa desde el Golfo de Botnia hasta la Cordillera Escandinava en el norte de Fenoescandia. Este rango cubre todo el periodo de tala uniforme en el bosque en términos generales; por lo tanto, nuestra metodología y resultados pueden aplicarse a la evaluación completa del impacto del manejo industrial de bosques. Toda la región de estudio cubría hasta 46,000 km² de paisaje dominado por bosque en una etapa tardía de la transición entre el estado natural o casi natural y el estado de uso de suelo modificado. Encontramos una pérdida sustancial de bosque intacto, particularmente para áreas grandes y contiguas, una polarización espacial del bosque restantea una escala regional en la que tierra adentro hay mayores afectaciones que en las zonas montañosas y costeras, y un impacto pronunciado sobre las áreas nucleares de los bosques interiores. Los resultados salientes fueron una disminución en el área del fragmento más grande de bosque intacto de 225, 853 a 68, 714 ha en la zona montañosa y de 257, 715 a 38, 668 ha en la zona de pie de monte, una disminución del 75% al 38% de bosque intacto en las zonas tierra adentro, una disminución en el área nuclear del fragmento más grande (valorada al considerar 100-m de perturbación al borde del fragmento) de 6, 114 a 351 ha en la zona costera, y un desbalance geográfico en los bosques protegidos con una evidente mayoría en la zona montañosa. Estos resultados demuestran una perturbación profunda de la configuración del paisaje de bosque natural y una conectividad interrumpida, lo que presenta un reto para el establecimiento de una infraestructura verde funcional. Nuestro enfoque sustenta la identificación de bosques para su protección expandida y la restauración del paisaje de bosque orientada hacia la conservación. 森林皆伐造成的自然森林丧失被认为是全世界面胳的重要保护挑战。功能性绿色基础设施是提高生物多 样性、保护状况和生态系统服务的时空上连接的景观尺度生境网络 本研究关注其建设中的森林破碎化和森林 丧失同题。通过分析卫星图像, 我们评估7\"芬诺斯坎通亚 (Fennoscancdia) 北部波的尼亚湾 (Gulf of Bothnia) 到 斯堪的纳维亚山脉(Scandinavian Mountain Range)大面积有代表性的自然和接近自然的北方森林受到 50-60 年森林皆伐的影响轨迹。这一时间段大致包括了整个森林皆伐期，因此我们的方法和结果可以应用于工业森林 管理的综合影响评估。整个研究区域覆盖了近紙000平方公里以森林为主的景風处于自然或接近自然的景 观向人为改造的土地利用类型过渡的后期。我们发现原始森林严重丧失，特别是大面积的连续区域，_ 余的森林 在区域尺度上发生空间的两极分化，其中内陆比山区和沿海地区受到更为严重的影响，内部森林核心区也受到明 显影响。突出的结果包括:山区最大的原始森林斑块面积从225,853公顷减少到 68,714 公埂而在山麓地区 从 257,715 公現滅少到38,668 公埂, 内陆地区从 75% 减少到 38%, 最大的斑块核心区域面积减少(根据 6,114 公顷到 351 公顷的沿海地区 100 米斑块边缘干扰的评估结果X 以及受保护森林的地理分布不平衡(主要在山 区) 。这些结果表明，自然森林景观配置受到严重干抵连接度受到破坏，这对建设功能性绿色基础设施提出了 挑战。我们的方法有助于确定扩大保护及进行保护导向的森林景观恢复的森林范围。

Knowing the ecological requirements of bird species is essential for their successful conservation. We studied the niche characteristics of birds in managed small-sized green spaces in the urban core areas of southern (Kavala, Greece) and northern Europe (Rovaniemi, Finland), during the breeding season, based on a set of 16 environmental variables and using Outlying Mean Index, a multivariate ordination technique. Overall, 26 bird species in Kavala and 15 in Rovaniemi were recorded in more than 5% of the green spaces and were used in detailed analyses. In both areas, bird species occupied different niches of varying marginality and breadth, indicating varying responses to urban environmental conditions. Birds showed high specialization in niche position, with 12 species in Kavala (46.2%) and six species in Rovaniemi (40.0%) having marginal niches. Niche breadth was narrower in Rovaniemi than in Kavala. Species in both communities were more strongly associated either with large green spaces located further away from the city center and having a high vegetation cover (urban adapters; e.g., Common Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), European Greenfinch (Chloris chloris), Eurasian Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus)) or with green spaces located closer to the city center and having high gray area cover and anthropogenic disturbance level (urban exploiters; e.g., Western Jackdaw (Corvus monedula), House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), Eurasian Magpie (Pica pica)). The eleven species that were common to both study areas similarly used the environmental variables and had similar niches, indicating that birds respond similarly to urbanization irrespective of latitude. Sixteen species in Kavala and eleven species in Rovaniemi were identified as conservation priority species, based on their niche specialization level and conservation status. The management actions proposed for the conservation of priority species will also benefit other species with similar ecological requirements and ultimately help maintain diverse bird communities in small-sized green spaces in urban core areas.

Use of a small tropical nursery in the Los Roques Archipelago by lemon sharks ( Negaprion brevirostris ) was investigated using acoustic telemetry. Twelve juvenile lemon sharks of three size classes were tracked between February 2014 and August 2015 in the Sebastopol Lagoon. Sharks were strongly site attached and remained in the lagoon for the duration of the study. Individuals in the smallest size class exhibited restricted movements within the innermost area of the lagoon in shallow water (< 1 m), over muddy substrate and along mangrove-lined shores. Sharks in the two larger size classes ranged further, in deeper water, over a wider range of substrates and more frequently near the lagoon entrance. Activity space varied among size classes, with home range (95% kernel utilization densities–KUD) of 0.42 km 2 and core area (50% KUD) of 0.13 km 2 for individuals in the smallest size class. For the medium and large size classes home ranges were 1.11 and 1.15 km 2 and core areas were 0.33 and 0.35 km 2 respectively. Space use as Minimum Convex Polygons differed among size classes, with overlap between the two largest size classes of 89%, compared with 40% between medium and smallest and 43% for largest and smallest size classes. Space use of lemon sharks in the Los Roques nursery illustrates variable use of habitat with varying environmental characteristics, likely reflecting a balance between predator avoidance and prey acquisition. Greater understanding of the use of nursery habitats for species such as lemon sharks, which use small, discrete nurseries over a broad geographical range can enhance our understanding of relationships between life history traits and environmental variability and management of populations.

Patterns of spatial development and protection form a basic category of geoscience, and redesigning them is a popular subject of research in regional sustainable development that is important for ecological civilization construction. The authors here report a case study of Wuhan city using the circuit theory model and minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model to rebalance its spatial protection and development. The results show the following: (1) Using the density of the gross domestic product (GDP), density of population, rate of urbanization, and access to transportation as evaluation indicators, seven core areas of development in Wuhan were identified, accounting for 59% of the total number of streets, that exhibited a “circular-satellite” spatial structure. (2) According to the importance of ecosystem services, ecological sensitivity, land use type, and slope of the terrain, the resistance surface of spatial development in Wuhan had a stereoscopic spatial form of an “inverted pyramid,” with high surroundings and a low center. The area of low resistance accounted for 6.64% of the total area of Wuhan. (3) Based on coupling analysis using the MCR and spatial morphological characteristics of current, nine axes of spatial development with a total area of 427.27 km 2 and eight key strategic points with a total area of 40.02 km 2 were identified. Streets that were prioritized for development accounted for 9.63% of Wuhan’s total area. (4) By combining the characterization of the development axis with the structure of the three-level core area, we extracted the structure of spatial development of “one heart, two wings, and three belts” in Wuhan. The research framework and empirical results can provide scientific guidance for the urban spatial layout, the development of regional linkages, and ecological environmental protection in China.

African savanna elephants are a highly mobile species that ranges widely across the diversity of ecosystems they inhabit. In xeric environments, elephant movement patterns are largely dictated by the availability of water and suitable forage resources, which can drive strong seasonal changes in their movement behavior. In this study, we analyzed a unique movement dataset from 43 collared elephants, collected over a period of 10 years, to assess the degree to which seasonal changes influences home range size of elephants in the semi‐arid, Laikipia‐Samburu ecosystem of northern Kenya. Auto‐correlated Kernel Density Estimation (AKDE) was used to estimate elephants' seasonal home range size. For each individual elephant, we also calculated seasonal home range shifts, as the distance between wet season home range centroids and dry season home range centroids. Core areas (50% AKDE isopleths) of all individual elephants ranged from 3 to 1743 km2 whereas total home range sizes (the 95% AKDE isopleths) ranged between 15 and 10,677 km2. Core areas and home range sizes were 67% and 61% larger, respectively, during the wet season than during the dry season. On average, the core area centroids for all elephants were 17 km away from the nearest river (range 0.2–150.3 km). Females had their core areas closer to the river than males (13.5 vs. 27.5 km). Females differed from males in their response to seasonal variation. Specifically, females tended to occupy areas farther from the river during the wet season, while males occupied areas further from the river during the dry season. Our study highlights how elephants adjust their space use seasonally, which can be incorporated into conservation area planning in the face of increased uncertainty in rainfall patterns due to climate change. This manuscript presents an analysis of the how elephant adjust their space use seasonally. In particular, the paper investigates the variation in home range sizes and home range shifts across seasons. Our results exhibit the importance of tailored conservation strategies that would ensure the longevity of elephant populations while safeguarding landscape connectivity and crucial movement corridors, addressing both immediate and long‐term threats.

In gregarious animals, competition for resources, such as water, food, and shelter, is common. Sleeping sites are one such resource that also may serve strategic functions, such as food or group defense. We investigated whether groups of wild crested macaques (Macaca nigra) compete for sleeping sites and two potential strategic functions of these sites: food defense and group protection. We gathered data from three habituated groups (Pantai Batu 1, Rambo 1, and Rambo 2) in Tangkoko Nature Reserve in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. We collected information on sleeping site use between October 2015 and June 2016, for 192, 156, and 41 nights, for each group respectively. We recorded 229, 207, and 183 travel routes for the three study groups and used these to calculate their home ranges and core areas using Brownian Bridge Movement Models. We also documented 304 intergroup encounters (IGE) among the three habituated groups and their neighbors. We found that suitable sleeping sites for crested macaques are limited, frequently reused, and shared sequentially, but not used simultaneously. There was a strong link between core areas and sleeping site density. However, we found no significant relationship between high IGE risk areas and sleeping site density, nor between core or high IGE risk areas and sleeping site reuse frequency. The study found no correlation between the distance traveled post-encounter to sleeping sites and the encounter's outcome or intensity. Overall, our study adds to the evidence that primates are selective in choosing sleeping sites, whose additional functions might be population specific.

Studying how animals interact with their environment is fundamental to informing conservation and management efforts, especially when examining large, wide-ranging carnivores in human-dominated landscapes. We hypothesized that the home ranges of bears are configured to exploit supplemental food (corn) and avoid people. In 2004–2016, we tracked 10 brown bears from the Dinaric-Pindos population using GPS telemetry, then used Brownian bridge movement models to estimate their home ranges. We related seasonal home range size to circadian period and density of supplemental feeding sites using generalized linear mixed-effect models. We also used ecological-niche factor analysis to study habitat composition within home range core areas in study areas characterized by different levels of human encroachment. We found that home range size was inversely related to density of supplemental feeding sites, and bears had larger home ranges at night (x̄ = 103.3 ± 72.8 km2) than during the day (x̄ = 62.3 ± 16.6 km2). Our results also revealed that bears living in more human-influenced areas concentrated their use far from human settlements and agricultural lands but stayed close to supplemental feeding sites. Our data suggest that bears alter their space-use patterns at the home range level in response to anthropogenic land use and food availability.

Less than half of the original two million square kilometers of the Cerrado vegetation remains standing, and there are still many uncertainties as to how to conserve and prioritize remaining areas effectively. A key limitation is the continuing lack of geographically-extensive evaluation of ecosystem-level properties across the biome. Here we sought to address this gap by comparing the woody vegetation of the typical cerrado of the Cerrado–Amazonia Transition with that of the core area of the Cerrado in terms of both tree diversity and vegetation biomass. We used 21 one-hectare plots in the transition and 18 in the core to compare key structural parameters (tree height, basal area, and above-ground biomass), and diversity metrics between the regions. We also evaluated the effects of temperature and precipitation on biomass, as well as explored the species diversity versus biomass relationship. We found, for the first time, both that the typical cerrado at the transition holds substantially more biomass than at the core, and that higher temperature and greater precipitation can explain this difference. By contrast, plot-level alpha diversity was almost identical in the two regions. Finally, contrary to some theoretical expectations, we found no positive relationship between species diversity and biomass for the Cerrado woody vegetation. This has implications for the development of effective conservation measures, given that areas with high biomass and importance for the compensation of greenhouse gas emissions are often not those with the greatest diversity.