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Foundations and trends in performance management. A twenty-five years bibliometric analysis in business and public administration domains
Our paper analyses 25 years of performance management research published in the English-language journals, included in SSCI database, separating the business domain from public sector one. We used a content analysis for showing the relationships between the subfields of performance management and the time evolution. Through a multiple correspondence analysis based on keywords we provide a framework to track this literature over the 25-year period. We conclude the paper with a discussion on future pathways in the performance management literature.
Journal Article
Multidimensional Energy Poverty in China: Measurement and Spatio-Temporal Disparities Characteristics
As the world's most populous country, China's energy poverty reduction achievements directly impact the global energy poverty reduction process. Analyzing energy poverty in China is therefore critical to consolidating the results of poverty eradication, eliminating relative poverty, and improving the social welfare of residents. However, prior research neither considered the applicability of existing energy poverty indicators to the current Chinese reality, nor the spatiotemporal disparities of energy poverty using micro-level data. To study the dynamics of energy poverty in China at the household level, a new multidimensional energy poverty index is constructed with seven dimensions using multiple correspondence analysis methods. Furthermore, provincial disparities and characteristics of energy poverty are compared using a spatial autocorrelation analysis method. The findings show that energy poverty has improved in China from 2012 to 2018, but its incidence and intensity remain high. Moreover, significant regional differences in energy poverty exist between different regions of China. High levels of energy poverty are mainly concentrated in the western and northeastern regions (especially in rural areas), and the urban-rural gap shows a similar pattern. The results obtained from spatial autocorrelation analysis demonstrate that China's energy poverty exhibits significant spatial clustering characteristics. Further, the results of standard deviation ellipse show that during the study period, the center of gravity of energy poverty in China was in Henan province and gradually shifted to the northwest. These findings help policymakers to formulate specific energy poverty reduction policies for various groups affected by energy poverty.
Journal Article
Topics in constrained and unconstrained ordination
In this paper, we reflect on a number of aspects of ordination methods: how should absences be treated in ordination and how do model-based methods, including Gaussian ordination and methods using generalized linear models, relate to the usual least-squares (eigenvector) methods based on (log–) transformed data. We defend detrended correspondence analysis by theoretical arguments and by reanalyzing data that previously gave bad results. We show by examples that constrained ordination can yield more informative views on effects of interest compared to unconstrained ordination (where such effects can be invisible) and show how constrained axes can be interpreted. Constrained ordination uses an ANOVA/regression approach to enable the user to focus on particular aspects of species community data, in particular the effects of qualitative and quantitative environmental variables. We close with an analysis examining the interaction effects between two factors, and we demonstrate how principal response curves can help in their visualisation. Example data and Canoco 5 projects are provided as Supplementary Material.
Journal Article
Wild, tamed, and domesticated
Climate and natural vegetation dynamics are key drivers of global vegetation fire, but anthropogenic burning now prevails over vast areas of the planet. Fire regime classification and mapping may contribute towards improved understanding of relationships between those fire drivers. We used 15 years of daily active fire data from the MODIS fire product (MCD14ML, collection 6) to create global maps of six fire descriptors (incidence, size inequality, season length, interannual variability, intensity, and fire season modality). Using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and hierarchical agglomerative clustering, we identified three fire macroregimes: Wild, Tamed, and Domesticated, each of which splitting into prototypical and transitional regimes. Interpretation of the six fire regimes in terms of their main drivers relied on the global maps of anthromes and Köppen climate types. The analysis yielded a two-dimensional space where the principal dimension of variability is primarily defined by interannual variability in fire activity and fire season length, and the secondary axis is based mainly on fire incidence. The Wild fire macroregime occurs mostly in cold wildlands, where burning is sporadic and fire seasons are short. Tamed fires predominate in seasonally dry tropical rangelands and croplands with high fire incidence. Domesticated fires are characteristic of humid, warm temperate and tropical croplands and villages with low fire incidence. The Tamed and Domesticated fire macroregimes, representing managed burning, account for 86% of all active fires in our dataset and for 70% of the global burnable area. Fourteen percent of active fires were found in the cold wildlands, and in the rangelands and forests of steppe and desert climates of the Wild macroregime. These results highlight the extent of human control over global pyrogeography in the Anthropocene.
Journal Article
Assessing Changes in Household Socioeconomic Status in Rural South Africa, 2001–2013
Understanding the distribution of socioeconomic status (SES) and its temporal dynamics within a population is critical to ensure that policies and interventions adequately and equitably contribute to the well-being and life chances of all individuals. This study assesses the dynamics of SES in a typical rural South African setting over the period 2001–2013 using data on household assets from the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Three SES indices, an absolute index, principal component analysis index and multiple correspondence analysis index, are constructed from the household asset indicators. Relative distribution methods are then applied to the indices to assess changes over time in the distribution of SES with special focus on location and shape shifts. Results show that the proportion of households that own assets associated with greater modern wealth has substantially increased over time. In addition, relative distributions in all three indices show that the median SES index value has shifted up and the distribution has become less polarized and is converging towards the middle. However, the convergence is larger from the upper tail than from the lower tail, which suggests that the improvement in SES has been slower for poorer households. The results also show persistent ethnic differences in SES with households of former Mozambican refugees being at a disadvantage. From a methodological perspective, the study findings demonstrate the comparability of the easy-to-compute absolute index to other SES indices constructed using more advanced statistical techniques in assessing household SES.
Journal Article
Charting fields and spaces quantitatively: from multiple correspondence analysis to categorical principal components analysis
Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) has started to gain popularity within sociology as a method of mapping ‘fields’ and ‘social spaces’ in the style of Pierre Bourdieu, its capacity to document multidimensional geometric relationships within data being a snug fit for the relational mode of thought he championed. There is a risk, however, of over-relying on MCA when the data suggest alternative methods and, as a result, drawing unsound conclusions. As a case in point, I take a recent analysis of political attitudes in the UK using MCA that drew bold inferences about the relationship with social class and reanalyse the same data with categorical principal components analysis (CatPCA). The results suggest the opposite conclusion to what was originally argued. I thus urge greater methodological flexibility and openness among those wishing to chart fields and social spaces and, more specifically, I make a case for CatPCA as a tool of geometric data analysis.
Journal Article
Responses of Phytoplankton Communities to Environmental Variability in the East China Sea
We investigated seasonal and spatial patterns of phytoplankton variability in the East China Sea in order to understand biomass and compositional responses to environmental factors in the contemporary ocean. We used satellite imagery from 2002 to 2013 to define the mean seasonal climatology of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a. Phytoplankton and environmental measurements were synthesized for the study region and four seasons from 11 cruises conducted from 2006 to 2012. The results of CHEMTAX analyses on group-specific phytoplankton composition were consistent with those of microscopy and flow cytometry observations, revealing three patterns of seasonal variability. Canonical correspondence analysis and generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to resolve the spatiotemporal variations of major phytoplankton groups and their relationships to month, temperature, salinity, nutrients, mixed layer depth, and bottom depth. Monsoon forcing drove the distributional patterns of environmental factors and was critical to explaining phytoplankton dynamics at the seasonal scale. Compared to autumn and winter, significantly higher chlorophyll a concentrations were observed during spring and summer, associated with the spring bloom and the Changjiang (Yangtze) River plume, respectively. Diatoms dominated biomass over the East China Sea, especially during the summer months influenced by the Changjiang (Yangtze) River plume, whereas dinoflagellates were especially important during spring blooms. GAMs analysis showed the differences in their responses to environmental variability, with a clear mid-range salinity optimum (~31) and a more pronounced temperature effect for dinoflagellates. The photosynthetic bacteria, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, both increased strongly with warming, but Prochlorococcus showed stronger sensitivity to variations in physical environmental parameters, whereas Synechococcus was more responsive to chemical (nutrient) variability, with broader tolerance of low-salinity conditions.
Journal Article
Variation Partitioning of Species Data Matrices: Estimation and Comparison of Fractions
Establishing relationships between species distributions and environmental characteristics is a major goal in the search for forces driving species distributions. Canonical ordinations such as redundancy analysis and canonical correspondence analysis are invaluable tools for modeling communities through environmental predictors. They provide the means for conducting direct explanatory analysis in which the association among species can be studied according to their common and unique relationships with the environmental variables and other sets of predictors of interest, such as spatial variables. Variation partitioning can then be used to test and determine the likelihood of these sets of predictors in explaining patterns in community structure. Although variation partitioning in canonical analysis is routinely used in ecological analysis, no effort has been reported in the literature to consider appropriate estimators so that comparisons between fractions or, eventually, between different canonical models are meaningful. In this paper, we show that variation partitioning as currently applied in canonical analysis is biased. We present appropriate unbiased estimators. In addition, we outline a statistical test to compare fractions in canonical analysis. The question addressed by the test is whether two fractions of variation are significantly different from each other. Such assessment provides an important step toward attaining an understanding of the factors patterning community structure. The test is shown to have correct Type I error rates and good power for both redundancy analysis and canonical correspondence analysis.
Journal Article
Multiple correspondence analysis: one only or several techniques?
The history of multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) is a curious one: in about 80 years, it has been invented and re-invented by different authors independently of each other. After a brief historical account of MCA, the present article intends comparing the various techniques based on the multiple correspondence analysis systems provided by two main schools: the French and the Dutch.
Journal Article