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Aims The DELIVER study demonstrates a significant improvement in cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure among heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).Cost‐utility of the adjunct use of dapagliflozin to standard therapy among patients with HFpEF or HFmrEF remains unclear. Methods and results A five‐state Markov mode was constructed to project health and clinical outcomes of the adjunct use of dapagliflozin to standard therapy among 65‐year‐old patients with HFpEF or HFmrEF. A cost‐utility analysis was performed based on the DELIVER study and national statistical database. The cost and utility was inflated to 2022 by the usual discount rate of 5%. The primary outcomes were total cost and quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) per patients as well as the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio. Sensitivity analyses were also applied. Over a 15 year lifetime horizon, the average cost per patient was$7245.77 and $ 5407.55 in the dapagliflozin group and the standard group, along with an incremental cost of$1838.22. The average QALYs per patient was 6.00 QALYs and 5.84 QALYs in the dapagliflozin group and the standard group, along with an incremental QALYs of 0.15 QALYs, resulting in the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of $ 11 865.33/QALY, which was below the willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) of$12 652.5/QALY. The univariate sensitivity analysis indicated the cardiovascular death in both group was the most sensitive variable. Probability sensitivity analysis revealed that when the WTP thresholds were $ 12 652.5/QALY and$37 957.5/QALY, the probabilities of being cost‐effective with dapagliflozin as an add‐on were 54.6% and 71.6%, respectively. Conclusions From a public healthcare system perspective, the adjunct use of dapagliflozin to standard therapy among patients with HFpEF or HFmrEF generated advantages in cost‐effectiveness in China at a WTP of $ 12 652.5/QALY, which promoted the rational use of dapagliflozin for heart failure.

Curative therapies (CTx) to achieve durable remission of HIV disease without the need for antiretroviral therapy (ART) are currently being explored. Our objective was to model the long-term health and cost outcomes of HIV in various countries, the impact of future CTx on those outcomes and the country-specific value-based prices (VBPs) of CTx. We developed a decision-analytic model to estimate the future health economic impacts of a hypothetical CTx for HIV in countries with pre-existing access to ART (CTx+ART), compared to ART alone. We modelled populations in seven low-and-middle-income countries and five high-income countries, accounting for localized ART and other HIV-related costs, and calibrating variables for HIV epidemiology and ART uptake to reproduce historical HIV outcomes before projecting future outcomes to year 2100. Health was quantified using disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Base case, pessimistic and optimistic scenarios were modelled for CTx+ART and ART alone. Based on long-term outcomes and each country's estimated health opportunity cost, we calculated the country-specific VBP of CTx. The introduction of a hypothetical CTx lowered HIV prevalence and prevented future infections over time, which increased life-years, reduced the number of individuals on ART, reduced AIDS-related deaths, and ultimately led to fewer DALYs versus ART-alone. Our base case estimates for the VBP of CTx ranged from $5400 (Kenya) up to $812,300 (United States). Within each country, the VBP was driven to be greater primarily by lower ART coverage, lower HIV incidence and prevalence, and higher CTx cure probability. The VBP estimates were found to be greater in countries where HIV prevalence was higher, ART coverage was lower and the health opportunity cost was greater. Our results quantify the VBP for future curative CTx that may apply in different countries and under different circumstances. With greater CTx cure probability, durability and scale up, CTx commands a higher VBP, while improvements in ART coverage may mitigate its value. Our framework can be utilized for estimating this cost given a wide range of scenarios related to the attributes of a given CTx as well as various parameters of the HIV epidemic within a given country.

Chemotherapy has helped prolong survival in patients with malignant lymphoma, enhancing their quality of life (QOL). Despite the eventual decline in the QOL of patients, the impact of initial chemotherapy remains poorly understood. A prospective patient-reported QOL survey among patients with malignant lymphoma receiving initial chemotherapy was conducted, targeting those treated at Gifu Municipal Hospital (Gifu, Japan) between January 2021 and December 2022. Surveys were conducted pre- and post-chemotherapy based on the EuroQol 5 dimensions. Drug costs were calculated using official prices and analyzed from the cost payer's perspective via cost-utility analysis. Among the 60 patients included in the present study, 28 had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone ± rituximab therapy was the most common treatment (38 patients) and demonstrated superior cost-effectiveness due to its lowest cost and change in utility value. Initial chemotherapy for patients with malignant lymphoma generally improved the QOL. Clinical trial registration: UMIN000042868 (registered on December 28, 2020).

This review aims to appraise and summarize the best available evidence from economic evaluations (EEs) of strategies targeting populations prior to a diagnosis of dementia. A comprehensive search was conducted in EMBASE, PubMed, EconLit, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), and The NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED). Publications were dually screened and assessed against eligibility criteria, and reporting quality was appraised using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) framework. Seventeen full EEs met the inclusion criteria; all were conducted in high‐income countries and covered strategies in identification (29%), risk reduction (65%), and other strategies (6%). The number of publications from 2016 to 2025 tripled compared to the preceding periods. Most risk‐reduction strategies were cost‐effective and exhibited high reporting quality. The average reporting quality, based on the CHEERS framework, was 72%, with a noticeable improvement observed in articles published after 2020. Overall, the findings suggest that most risk‐reduction strategies may offer good value for money. However, evidence remains limited, specifically in low‐ and middle‐income countries; therefore, additional EEs are needed to guide future investment in strategies targeting pre‐diagnosis dementia populations. Highlights Value for money of pre‐diagnosis dementia care remains under‐researched From 2016 to 2025, economic evaluations (Ees) tripled and reporting quality improved Risk‐reduction interventions were generally found to be cost‐effective Far fewer studies assessed cost‐effectiveness of prevention than post‐diagnosis interventions All studies originated in countries with established evidence‐based policy systems

This study aimed to estimate the cost-utility and economic value of STN1013001, a latanoprost cationic emulsion vs other latanoprost formulations (henceforth latanoprost) in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT) and concomitant ocular surface disease (OSD) in Germany. An early 5-year Markov model-supported cost-utility analysis was performed to estimate costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and life-years saved (LYS) for STN1013001 vs latanoprost from the German health system perspective. The model included seven mutually exclusive health states and adopted a 1-year cycle length. The model was populated with pooled data derived, by means of a questionnaire, from a convenience sample of five German glaucoma specialists. Remaining data were derived from published sources. Data provided by the ophthalmologists included annual treatment adherence probabilities, utility values and resource utilization. The half-cycle correction as well as a discount rate of 3.0% per year were applied to costs (expressed in €2020), life-year saved (LYS) and QALYs. The incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) was contrasted against the informal willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold for incremental LYS saved or QALY gained (€30,000) proposed for Germany. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (OWSA; PSA) tested the robustness of the base case ICUR. Over the 5-year time horizon, STN1013001 strongly dominates latanoprost as it is less costly (€1003.65 vs €1145.37; -12.37%) and produces more QALYs (2.612 vs 2.365; +10.44%) per notional patient. Baseline findings were robust against all the variations included in OWSA. PSA shows that STN1013001 has a 100% probability of being cost-effective vs Latanoprost at each WTP threshold for incremental QALY gained. Once on the market, STN1013001 will provide a cost-effective and possibly strongly dominant therapy vs latanoprost for OAG/OHT+OSD patients from a German health system perspective. Future empirical research should confirm these findings.

Background There is a paucity of data on the cost‐utility of endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided gastroenterostomy (EUS‐GE) compared with surgical gastrojejunostomy (SGJ) as palliative treatment of malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Methods In the ENDURO trial, 98 patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction from 12 Dutch hospitals were randomized between EUS‐GE (N = 48) and SGJ (N = 50). Cost utility was evaluated from a healthcare perspective with a time horizon of 1 month. A bottom‐up approach was used to calculate the costs of each intervention, including the per‐minute price of the endoscopy and operating room (OR), considering personnel, construction, inventory and overhead costs. Other in‐hospital costs were calculated using insurance claim data. Effectiveness was displayed as quality‐adjusted life years (QALY). Bootstrapping was performed to estimate uncertainty. Results The calculated per‐minute price for the endoscopy room was €8.64 (US9.34). The per‐minute price for an OR was €11.78 (US 12.74). The mean intervention costs were estimated at €4405.40 (US4762.68) for EUS‐GE and €3393.71 (US 3668.93) for SGJ. Mean total in‐hospital costs were lower following EUS‐GE (€5172 [US5591]) than after SGJ (€10,458 [US 11,306]), mainly due to a shorter length of hospital stay following EUS‐GE. Bootstrapping showed that 99.9% of iterations resulted in lower costs for EUS‐GE. Mean difference in 1‐month QALY contribution was 0.004 in favor of EUS‐GE. Most iterations fall within the bottom right quadrant (95.6%) of the cost‐effectiveness plane, indicating lower costs and improved QALY contribution for EUS‐GE. Discussion In this study, EUS‐GE was more cost effective than SGJ. The additional intervention costs were clearly outweighed by a decrease in in‐hospital costs after the procedure. Key Summary Summarize the established knowledge on this subject ◦ Malignant gastric outlet obstruction can be treated by surgical gastrojejunostomy (SGJ) and endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided gastroenterostomy (EUS‐GE) in patients with a good performance status. ◦ Recent trials have shown superiority of EUS‐GE to SGJ in terms of oral intake tolerability and length of hospital stay. ◦ Data is scarce on whether EUS‐GE is more cost‐effective than SGJ. What are the significant and/or new findings of this study? ◦ Mean intervention costs were lower after SGJ (€3393.71 vs. €4405.40), but mean total in‐hospital costs were lower after EUS‐GE (€5172 vs. €10,458). ◦ Incremental difference in mean total costs was €4305 after one month and in QALY contribution was 0.004, favoring EUS‐GE. ◦ Bootstrapping showed that 99.9% of iterations resulted in lower costs for EUS‐GE. ◦ EUS‐GE was more cost effective than SGJ as palliative treatment for malignant gastric outlet obstruction, primarily caused by a decrease in in‐hospital costs after EUS‐GE.

Home‐based chemotherapy (HC) is a new treatment alternative to hospital‐based chemotherapy treatment (IP) and is administered via portable intravenous pumps at the patient's home. HC reduces the demand for inpatient bed capacity in hospitals and reduces the cost of an infusion. This study takes a societal perspective while conducting the cost‐utility and budget impact analyses (BIA) of HC and IP with an mFOLFOX6 regimen on patients with stage III colon cancer. We conducted a cost‐utility analysis with a 6‐month time horizon. The parameter inputs for the model were gathered from a retrospective cohort study on patients diagnosed with stage III colon cancer at Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok. The resource usage of HC and IP was determined based on medical records. The per‐unit direct medical, home health service, and adverse events (AE) management costs were gathered from the standard cost list. The health outcome of treatment was measured in terms of quality‐adjusted life years. Disutility related to AE was calculated. We conducted a sensitivity analysis for the uncertainty results and performed BIA based on the societal perspective on a 1‐year time horizon. HC provided a cost‐saving of$1,513.37 per patient for the period of treatment. Thus, assuming 526 patients per year, the use of HC could achieve a cumulative annual cost‐saving of $ 828,436. HC is a cost‐saving strategy compared to IP for stage III colon cancer treatment. We recommend that the service reimbursement should include national standardization in chemotherapy regimens as well as practice guidelines and protocols to prevent serious AEs. Home‐based chemotherapy is a cost‐saving strategy compared to hospital‐based chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer treatment. We recommend that the service reimbursement should include national standardization in chemotherapy regimens as well as practice guidelines and protocols to prevent serious adverse events.

Background: Asthma is a disease with tremendous phenotypic heterogeneity, and the patients who are most severely impacted by the disease are high utilizers of the United States healthcare system. In the past decade, there has been many advances in asthma therapy for those with severe disease, including the use of a procedure called bronchial thermoplasty (BT) and the use of biologic therapy for certain phenotypes, but questions remain regarding the long-term durability and cost effectiveness of these therapies. The purpose of this analysis was (1) to assess the cost utility of BT relative to usual care (base case) and (2) to assess the cost utility of BT relative to usual care plus biologic therapy (omalizumab) (scenario analysis) based on updated 10-year clinical trial outcomes. Methods: A Markov cohort model was developed and used to estimate the cost utility of BT to estimate the costs and quality-of-life impact of BT versus the comparisons over a 10-year time frame using a limited societal perspective, which included both direct health utilization costs and indirect costs associated with missed days of work, among those with severe persistent asthma. Results: In the base case and the scenario analysis, BT was the dominant treatment strategy compared to usual care alone and usual care plus biologic therapy. The net monetary benefit for BT was $483,555.49 over a 10-year time horizon. Conclusion: Cost-utility models are central to policy decisions dictating coverage, and can be extended to inform the patient and provider, during clinical decision-making, of the relative trade-offs of therapy, assessing long-term clinical and cost outcomes. Phenotypic classification of severe asthma is central to patient management and should also be integrated into economic analysis frameworks, particularly as new biologic agents are developed that are specific to a phenotype. Despite a larger upfront cost of BT therapy, there is a durable clinical and economic benefit over time for those with severe asthma. Keywords: asthma, bronchial thermoplasty, cost-effectiveness analysis, economic evaluation, heterogeneity, cost-utility analysis, phenotype

Background The 13‐MD is a new generic instrument developed to measure general health‐related quality of life (GHRQoL). This instrument considers all aspects of health (i.e., physical, mental, and social) in a balanced way. A previous study led to minor changes in the original version of the 13‐MD. The objective of this study was to confirm the validity of the modified 13‐MD. Methods Validity was assessed with recent data from the general population of Quebec, Canada. The meta‐dimensions and items composing the 13‐MD were also subjected to a ranking procedure, which allowed to determine the most important aspects for respondents. Results A total of 1337 French‐speaking participants were recruited with 1099 completing the 13‐MD for validation purposes and 1084 completing the ranking procedure. The 13‐MD showed very satisfactory results and confirmed to be a valid instrument. The ranking of the meta‐dimensions revealed that “Well‐being” received the most points, followed by “Sleep and energy” and “Body functioning.” Conclusion These results will be very useful in the continuous improvement of the 13‐MD, ultimately leading to the valuation stage (i.e., development of a value set).

The extent to which medical management of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) may improve health utility value (HUV) remains unknown. We conducted a prospective pilot study to longitudinally assess HUV via the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire in patients with CRS who were receiving medical therapy but did not undergo sinus surgery. The primary study outcome was HUV at 12-month follow-up; secondary end points included HUV at baseline and 3- and 24-month follow-up. Our study enrolled 115 patients who received the following medical treatments: saline irrigations (n = 83, 72.2%), steroid sprays (n = 93, 80.9%), antihistamines (n = 64, 55.7%), steroid irrigations (n = 29, 25.2%), and oral antibiotics (n = 58, 50.4%). There was a statistically significant improvement (mean, +0.073; P = .003) in HUV at 12 months (minimum clinically important difference, 0.055) as compared with baseline. However, there was no statistically significant trend in HUV over time between baseline and 24-month follow-up (P = .3033). These findings can inform cost-effectiveness research as new medical therapies for CRS emerge.