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This review of the literature explores the potentials of liquid micro-/mini-channels to reduce operating temperatures and make temperature distributions more uniform in batteries. First, a classification and an overview of the various methods of battery thermal management are presented. Then, different types of lithium-ion batteries and their advantages and disadvantages are introduced, and the components of batteries are described in detail. The studies conducted on the performance of micro-/mini-channels for cooling all types of rectangular and cylindrical batteries are reviewed, and the key finding of these studies is presented. It is shown that, in general, using counterflow configuration creates a rather uniform temperature distribution in the battery cell and keeps the maximum temperature difference below 5 ∘ C . The lowest battery maximum temperature is obtained for parallel and counterflow configurations in the straight and U-turn channels, respectively. In a parallel configuration, the peak point of the battery temperature is in the outlet area. However, in the counter-flow configuration, it occurs in the central region of the battery module. The survey of the literature further reveals that proper channel paths and flow configurations keep the battery maximum temperature within the safe range of 25 ∘ C < T max < 40 ∘ C . For such flow configurations, the pressure drop remains minimally affected.

In this work, a numerical and experimental study is performed to evaluate the affecting variables on energy efficiency of a novel regenerative evaporative cooler utilizing dew-point indirect evaporative cooling. For first time, an investigation is experimentally and numerically carried out to study the effects of the channel number on important parameters such as product temperature and humidity ratio. Investigations are carried out for five configurations with various channel numbers. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results is obtained and well accuracy observed. For the five studied configurations, the results show that with an increase in the number of channels, the outlet temperature decreases. For an inlet air flow rate of 100-600 m 3 /h, the cooled outlet flow temperature changes to the range of 23.4-30.7°C, 19.7-28.3°C, 18-26.4°C, 17.2-25°C and 16.6-23.8°C. For the configurations with finned channels, the percentage of increase in produced air temperature reaches 11.5% for HMX B, 18.6% for HMX C, 23.4% for HMX D and 26.9% for HMX E, as compared with HMX A.

This paper presents a numerical study of the elastocaloric effect in NiTi wire using two different configurations in a rotary prototype, analyzed through a 2D model solved via the finite element method. The focus is on the design of the device’s cold and hot channels, comparing two configurations: the obstacle configuration and the cross-configuration. The obstacle configuration includes barriers in the transition area to prevent unwanted mixing between the inlet and outlet air from the cold and hot regenerators, while the cross-configuration features an equidistant arrangement between the inlet and outlet sections to avoid suction phenomena at the outlet sections.

Purpose The widespread usage of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) requires their efficient synthesis during combustion process. This study aims to present a mathematical model for the oxidation of MNPs in a counter-flow non-premixed combustion system to produce MNPs, where the key sub-processes during the oxidation reaction are involved. Design/methodology/approach To accurately describe structure of flame and determine distributions of temperature and mass fractions of both reactants and products, equations of energy and mass conservations were solved based on the prevailing assumptions that three regions, i.e. preheating, reaction and oxidizer zones exist. Findings The numerical simulation was first validated against experimental data and characteristics of the combustion process are discussed. Eventually, the influences of crucial parameters such as reactant Lewis numbers, strain rate ratio, particle size, inert gas and thermophoretic force on structure of flame and combustion behavior were examined. The results show that maximum flame temperature can achieve 2,205 K. Replacing nitrogen with argon and helium as carrier gases can increase flame temperature by about 27% and 34%, respectively. Additionally, maximum absolute thermophoretic force was found at approximately 9.6 × 10–8 N. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first time to numerically model the preparation of MNPs in a counter-flow non-premixed combustion configuration, which can guide large-scale experimental work in a more effective way.

Background Since the late 1990s, malaria control programmes have relied extensively on mass bednet distribution and indoor residual spraying. Both interventions use pesticides and target mosquitoes coming indoors either to feed or to rest. Unfortunately, these intensified vector control campaigns have resulted in mosquito populations with high levels of resistance to most of the chemical compounds used against them and which are increasingly exophagic and exophillic, hence difficult to monitor indoors. Consequently, there is an urgent need for novel tools to sample outdoor anopheline populations for monitoring interventions and disease surveillance programmes. Methodologies In this study, we tested several modifications and configurations of the BioGents® Sentinel (BGS) trap, designed with the aim to increase its efficacy for sampling malaria vector species. Traps were used with chemical attractants and CO 2 , and the impacts of trap position, trap colour contrast combination and the addition of a heat source were tested in two studies conducted in the Sudano-Sahelian region of Burkina Faso and Mali. Results The results show that of all the configurations tested, the addition of a heat source to the BGS trap with the original colour combination and an upward positioning resulted in a 1.8- and 5.9-fold increase in host-seeking Anopheles gambiae ( s.l. ) females in the experiments performed in Burkina Faso and Mali, respectively. BGS with heat traps, referred to as BGSH traps, captured An. gambiae ( s.l. ), An. pharoensis , An. coustani , Culex and Mansonia spp. Importantly, the results suggest that their efficacy does not depend on the close proximity of nearby hosts in houses. Conclusions The results suggest that BGSH traps can be an effective scalable tool for sampling outdoor anopheline vector populations. Further developments enabling CO 2 and heat generation for longer periods of time would further improve the trap’s versatility for large-scale surveillance programmes. Graphical Abstract

Heat exchangers are widely employed in numerous industrial applications to serve the heat recovery and cooling purpose. This work reports a performance analysis of a tube in tube heat exchanger for different flow configuration under variable operating conditions. The experimental investigation was performed on a U-shaped double pipe heat exchanger set up whereas Commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics code FLUENT along with k-ε turbulence modeling scheme was implemented for the simulation study. The flow solution was achieved by implementing k-ε turbulence modeling scheme and the simulation findings were compared with the experimental results. The experimental findings were in good agreement with the simulation results. The counter-flow configuration was found to be 29.4% more effective than the co-current one at low fluid flow rate. Direct relationship between heat transfer rate and flow rate is observed while effectiveness and LMTD showed inverse relationship with it. The significance of inlet temperature of hot and cold stream has been evaluated, they play crucial role in heat exchange process.