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Handbook of creative cities
The diversity of the contributions in this title reflect the multidisciplinary nature of creative city theorizing, which encompasses urban economics, economic geography, social psychology, urban sociology, and urban planning.
Book
Cultural and Creative Cities and Regional Economic Efficiency: Context Conditions as Catalyzers of Cultural Vibrancy and Creative Economy
Following the hype that has been given to culture and creativity as triggers and enhancers of local economic performance in the last 20 years, this work originally contributes to the literature with the objective of assessing the impact of cultural and creative cities (CCCs) on the economic output of their regions. In this sense, the cultural and creative character of cities is considered a strategic strength and opportunity that can spillover, favoring the economic system of the entire regions in which the cities are located. Through an innovative methodology that exploits a regional production function estimated by a panel fixed effects model, the effect of cities’ cultural vibrancy and creative economy on the output of their regions is econometrically explored. The data source is the Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor (CCCM) provided by the JRC, which also allows the investigation of the possible role played by the enabling environment in catalyzing the action of cultural vibrancy and creative economy. The results are thoroughly examined: especially through cultural vibrancy, CCCs strategically support the output of their region. This is particularly the case when local context conditions—such as human capital and education, openness, tolerance and trust, and quality of governance—catalyze their effect. Overall, CCCs contribute to feeding a long-term self-supporting system, interpreted according to a holistic conception that includes economic, social, cultural, and environmental domains.
Journal Article
The Babylon Line : a play
\"An electrifying new play by Tony Award-winning playwright Richard Greenberg, 'The Babylon Line,' an affecting tale of a straight-laced suburban Long Island town at the hazy end of the 1960s follows an adult-education creative-writing class and their teacher. A thirty-eight-year-old writer from Greenwich Village, Aaron is painfully aware of his failures as an artist when his desperate need for a job forces him to commute along the Babylon Line to Levittown to teach. What awaits him is a classroom of varyingly unwilling students, some who attend because their preferred course was full, others who are attentive enough but sit silently at their desks--and all of whom have yet to set pen to paper. Over the course of the semester, Aaron's adult pupils write increasingly more honest life accounts and stories, and cracks begin to appear in their small-town community. A particularly bold and troubled student, Joan, strikes up a rapport with Aaron that threatens to become something more, as the pair bond over their failing marriages and creative frustrations. In the end, we observe the life-changing effects of artistic expression as Greenberg maps out the rest of each of the characters' lives, full of triumphs and newfound joy that can be traced back directly to those few weeks in a classroom in 1967\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Bringing Back in the Spatial Dimension in the Assessment of Cultural and Creative Industries and Its Relationship with a City’s Sustainability: The Case of Milan
The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor (CCCM) is a valuable tool to measure and compare European cities’ cultural and creative vitality. It addresses three dimensions: the presence of cultural venues and facilities (i.e., Cultural Vibrancy); the jobs and innovations connected to the so-called creative industries (i.e., the Creative Economy); and the enabling conditions for culture and creativity diffusion: human capital, diversity, trust and openness, international accessibility, and connectivity (i.e., an Enabling Environment). Comparing and ranking cities on these different dimensions offer policymakers the possibility of developing strategies related to their development (Montalto et al. 2019). However, as is recognized in the report presenting the CCCM, significant methodological limitations exist. They are related to both the tool and the potential behavioral implications it generates (JRC-OECD Handbook, 2008) and to the difficulties with addressing a multifaceted phenomenon with scant data, which offer limited opportunities to adequately measure cultural and creative cities (Van Puyenbroeck et al. 2021). In this paper, we integrate the CCCM framework to propose a spatially contextualized application at the city level as a tool to support policymakers’ understanding of the potential role of cultural and creative organizations in city development (Soini and Dessein, 2016). We, therefore, build our arguments on a recent stream of research showing the importance of the spatial dimension to understand the relevance of cultural and creative industries within a context and inform decision-makers (Boal-San Miguel and Herrero-Prieto, 2020). This spatial dimension is even more important at the city level, where public, private, and non-profit organizations interact to execute culture-led policies (Bonet and Négrier, 2018). In this case, the location of specific organizations may be critical in offering opportunities at the neighborhood level, paving the way to space-driven local level policies (e.g., the 15 min walking strategy; see e.g., Pisano, 2020).
Journal Article
Operationalization of the Creative City Concept in Japan: A Comparative Review with a Special Focus on Kanazawa and Environmental Sustainability
The creative city concept has gained global recognition, notably through the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN). In Japan, facing declining birth rates and economic stagnation, this framework was seen as a revitalization tool to increase the urban quality. Yet, while the creative city concept clearly appears on the theoretical level, its operationalization usually remains unclear. Additionally, previous research considers sustainability questions through economic, social, and cultural lenses but more rarely through environmental aspects. Thus, this paper aims to explore the implementation of the creative city in Japan, unveil the specific elements composing the policies of UNESCO Creative Cities, and question how environmental sustainability is addressed in these policies. The research method includes a qualitative analysis of the membership monitoring reports (MMRs) submitted by cities to UNESCO. Conducting a field survey in a creative facility and a hearing survey with the city government, the research also focuses on Kanazawa as a case study to explore in greater depth the interaction between creative city strategies and environmental sustainability. Among the research findings, economic perspectives—through support for creative industries and the promotion of tourism—and systematic actions targeting children dominate the MMRs, while socio-environmental aspects receive less attention. Most ambitious initiatives toward environmental sustainability were implemented in rural cities. In Kanazawa, it appears the creative city policy is independent of the local environmental policies, although some opportunities exist to connect them. The field survey indeed reveals that some spontaneous initiatives toward environmental sustainability might emanate from a creative facility. Therefore, the paper provides significance in unveiling the specific content of creative city policies in Japan and in re-examining the notion of creativity to integrate environmental sustainability into the creative city agenda.
Journal Article
Guidelines for Egyptian Cities Towards Achieving Sustainable Creative Cities (Aswan as a Case Study)
The concept of the creative city is considered one of the most important contemporary trends for achieving development plans, although it arose from the beginning of the formation of human settlements since the beginning of human civilization, but the creative discourse has been developed since the end of the last century. UNESCO established the Creative Cities Network in 2005, and the classification included two Egyptian cities In the scope of crafts and folk arts - Aswan in 2005 and Cairo in 2017 - then the United Nations organization put forward the goals of sustainable development, which created a research question about the ability of cities to be sustainable. The research tended to formulate a guide to study the creative capacity of the city based on its components to achieve sustainability, and the axes and criterias of the guide were put forward and discussed with specialists and the community, Aswan was chosen because it is the city with the most momentum in the heritage components, and the guide, axes, and criteria were applied, and the results were analysed. The study concluded that Aswan has the elements that distinguish it to achieve sustainability, and it is possible to focus on positive points that help achieve the goals towards society, the economy and the environment.
Journal Article
How Creative is Tehran? An International and National Benchmarking Analysis
In today's creative economy, ideas and intellectual capital have replaced natural resources, and human creativity is the ultimate source of economic growth. Creative Capital selects specific cities and regions for work and living, known as creative cities; Cities that have the greatest capacity to attract, retain and nurture creative capital. This research aims to assess where Teheran stands both internationally and nationally among the most creative cities, known for their capacity to attract, retain and nurture creative economy, ideas and intellectual capital. First, a creative city framework is developed based on a review of 11 existing creative city indices. Second, based on their frequency of use, relevance and data availability 40 indicators were identified and computed. Using the VIKOR Method, an effective multi-criteria decision-making approach for diverging indicators, a national and international benchmarking analysis is performed on Teheran and selected cities. Results from the national benchmarking suggest that Teheran generally outperform the other Iran metropolis in 16 indicators. However, results from the international benchmarking show mix findings, where Teheran is well ranked in the human capital factor, and needs improvement in other factors including territorial assets, tolerance and resilience, and R&D and technology. Policy implications are discussed in the conclusion.
Journal Article
IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIALS OF CULTURAL AND CREATIVE CITIES: THE CASE STUDY OF THE CITY OF VARAŽDIN
Suvremeno društvo temelji se na intelektualnom kapitalu, a kreativnost je ključna za konkurentnost, zbog čega se kulturnoj i kreativnoj industriji u budućnosti predvida brzi rast i uključuje ih se u razvojne strategije. Budući da regije, narodi i gradovi imaju različite modele reprezentacije i mjerenja kulturne i kreativne industrije zbog vlastitih specifičnosti, cilj ovog rada je usporedba mapiranja kulturnih i kreativnih industrija. Analizom prethodnih studija u području kreativne i kulturne industrije unutar gradova, ovaj rad identificira nekoliko različitih pristupa mapiranju industrije. Ova studija takoder kategorizira europske zemlje na temelju analize najnovijeg izdanja Monitora kulturnih i kreativnih gradova Europske komisije i na osnovi uključenosti u klastere i mreže za podršku poduzetnicima u kulturnim i kreativnim industrijama. Kao barokni grad s tradicijom kulturne i kreativne industrije grad Varaždin iz Hrvatske odabran je za dublju analizu kreativnog i kulturnog potencijala.
Journal Article
‘Freelance isn’t free.’ Co-working as a critical urban practice to cope with informality in creative labour markets
For more than a decade, co-working spaces have proliferated in cities worldwide. The paper discusses co-working as a critical urban practice because these spaces give support to the rising number of freelance workers in culture and creative industries. Freelance workers are an ‘invisible’ workforce whose impact often remains ‘hidden’ (Mould et al., 2014), who are not sufficiently protected through social welfare regulations and do not enjoy the same social entitlements as employed workers. This paper uses the concept of informality to highlight ongoing informalisation processes of employment relationships as well as informal working practices in creative labour markets. It discusses the emergence of co-working as a practice of collective self-help and self-organisation to cope with and to potentially overcome the informality, uncertainty and risks associated with independent work. It argues that co-working can be seen in line with other practices of informal urbanism that become more prevalent in European and North American cities because of the lack of affordable housing, the retrenchment of the social welfare state and the imposed conditions of ‘austerity urbanism’ (Peck, 2012).
十多年来，全球城市的共同工作空间激增。本文将共同工作作为一种重要的城市实践加以探讨，因为这些空间支持了文化和创意产业中越来越多的自由职业者。自由职业者是一种“隐形”劳动力，其影响往往是“隐藏的”（Mold et al.，2014），他们没有受到社会福利法规的充分保护，也没有与就业工人享有相同的社会福利。本文使用非正规性概念来强调就业关系的持续“非正规化进程”，以及创造性劳动力市场中的非正式工作实践。本文讨论了共同工作作为集体自助和自组织化的实践的出现，以应对和潜在地克服与独立工作相关的非正规性、不确定性和风险。本文认为，由于缺乏负担得起的住房，社会福利国家的紧缩以及“紧缩城市化”的强加条件，可以看到共同工作与欧洲和北美城市中更为普遍的非正规城市主义的其他做法一致。 （Peck，2012）。
Journal Article
Urban Nature: Does Green Infrastructure Relate to the Cultural and Creative Vitality of European Cities?
The COVID-19 pandemic severely upended cultural and creative production, consumption, and interactions in cities. Open green spaces, parks, forests, and gardens—green infrastructure—were instead utilized by citizens as a substitute for stimulating social interactions, sustainable tourism, and green growth. (1) The purpose of this research is to understand whether the availability of green infrastructure relates to the Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor (CCCM) benchmarking project developed by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission performance. Does new evidence suggest revising the CCCM conceptual framework and related urban policies, especially in relation to the EU Green Deal? (2) Data from OpenStreetMap was used to count the amount of green infrastructure in 184 European Cities covered by the CCM and was then correlated with the sub-indices of the CCCM. (3) We found a moderately positive correlation of green infrastructure with the cultural vibrancy of a city and a weak positive correlation with the enabling environment of a city. (4) In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the EU Green Deal and several other policy initiatives aimed at urban greening, we recommend that the CCCM include an Urban Nature sub-index as one of the performance indicators of the CCCM. An Urban Nature sub-index will broaden the goal of the CCCM by providing policymakers with a better understanding of actions and strategies to allow culture to contribute to social inclusion and green growth strategies in cities.
Journal Article