Explore the vast range of titles available.

In this study we consider correlated and simultaneous interventions regarding: i—the physical infrastructure (by crossover lines between the two tracks of a tram line), ii—the characteristics of the trams (by bi-directional trams), as well as iii—tactical and operative decisions of the line manager. How these interventions are reflected in the functional reliability of the tram line service is demonstrated for both cases of the current operation and for the case of overloads, respectively, for the case of the temporary degradation of circulation caused by random disruptive events. The theoretical analysis, generalizing findings regarding the effectiveness of solutions to improve functional reliability, is supplemented with quantitative evaluations related to certain situations of disruptions. The proposed solutions aim to increase the attractiveness of urban public transport. Even if the evaluations are focused mainly on the interests of the service quality perceived by the user, the beneficial consequences for the line manager (in terms of technical and commercial efficiency) are also addressed.

Meiotic crossovers (COs) play a critical role in generating genetic variation and maintaining faithful segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. We develop a haplotype-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique that allows visualization of COs directly on metaphase chromosomes. Oligonucleotides (oligos) specific to chromosome 10 of maize inbreds B73 and Mo17, respectively, are synthesized and labeled as FISH probes. The parental and recombinant chromosome 10 in B73 x Mo17 F 1 hybrids and F 2 progenies can be unambiguously identified by haplotype-specific FISH. Analysis of 58 F 2 plants reveals lack of COs in the entire proximal half of chromosome 10. However, we detect COs located in regions very close to the centromere in recombinant inbred lines from an intermated B73 x Mo17 population, suggesting effective accumulation of COs in recombination-suppressed chromosomal regions through intermating and the potential to generate favorable allelic combinations of genes residing in these regions. Meiotic crossovers (COs) are essential for proper chromosome segregation and generating novel combinations of alleles. Here, the authors develop haplotype-specific oligos on maize chromosome 10 for fluorescence in situ hybridization and analyze CO patterns in an intermated recombinant population derived from B73 and Mo17.

By confining water in nanopores, so narrow that the liquid cannot freeze, it is possible to explore its properties well below its homogeneous nucleation temperature$T_{H}$≈ 235 K. In particular, the dynamical parameters of water can be measured down to 180 K, approaching the suggested glass transition temperature$T_{g}$≈ 165 K. Here we present experimental evidence, obtained from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering spectroscopies, of a well defined decoupling of transport properties (the self-diffusion coefficient and the average translational relaxation time), which implies the breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein relation. We further show that such a non-monotonic decoupling reflects the characteristics of the recently observed dynamic crossover, at ≈ 225 K, between the two dynamical behaviors known as fragile and strong, which is a consequence of a change in the hydrogen bond structure of liquid water.

Marine gravimeter has been proved to be the primary technique to efficiently obtain middle-to-short wavelength signals of the earth’s gravity field in geodesy, geodynamics and marine sciences research. In recent years, some prototypes of inertial platform and strapdown marine gravimeters have been developed, where the inertial platform gravimeter systems include CHZ-II and ZL11, and strapdown gravimeter systems include SAG-2M and SGA-WZ. In order to validate the performance of these marine gravimeter prototypes, a synchronous test with the widely used gravimeters GT-2M and LCR arranged on the same vessel was carried out in the north of South China Sea. All the data are processed according to the survey standard flow, and the performance is estimated by analyzing the errors of the repeat lines and the crossover points under the same environment. The compared results show that all the six gravimeters can meet the precision requirement of marine gravity survey. Meanwhile, the precision results of the improved gravimeters can get close to the precision of gravimeter GT-2M, higher than the precision gravimeter LCR.

We describe a generic approach to assemble correctly two heavy and two light chains, derived from two existing antibodies, to form human bivalent bispecific IgG antibodies without use of artificial linkers. Based on the knobs-into-holes technology that enables heterodimerization of the heavy chains, correct association of the light chains and their cognate heavy chains is achieved by exchange of heavy-chain and light-chain domains within the antigen binding fragment (Fab) of one half of the bispecific antibody. This \"crossover\" retains the antigen-binding affinity but makes the two arms so different that light-chain mispairing can no longer occur. Applying the three possible \"CrossMab\" formats, we generated bispecific antibodies against angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and show that they can be produced by standard techniques, exhibit stabilities comparable to natural antibodies, and bind both targets simultaneously with unaltered affinity. Because of its superior side-product profile, the CrossMabCH¹⁻CL was selected for in vivo profiling and showed potent antiangiogenic and antitumoral activity.

The design of a planar four-port microstrip crossover is presented. The design starts by using a half-wavelength square patch and two sets of orthogonal feeding lines. Based on the cavity theory, operation of the patch crossover is analysed. Full-wave simulations and measurements are used to support the analysis. By etching the patch as a Sierpinski carpet, resonant frequency can be lowered significantly, and this property can be employed to reduce the size of the conventional patch crossover. It is shown that the size of the crossover can be reduced by 23% with even a better performance when a second-order Sierpinski carpet microstrip patch is used. Full-wave simulations and measurements are used to validate the proposed design method. The measured data show less than 1 dB insertion loss, more than 10 dB return loss, more than 17 dB isolation and about 0.1 ns group delay deviation across 10% fractional bandwidth centred at 2.4 GHz.

This paper explores how competing interactions in the intermolecular potential of fluids affect their structural transitions. This study employs a versatile potential model with a hard core followed by two constant steps, representing wells or shoulders, analyzed in both one-dimensional (1D) and three-dimensional (3D) systems. Comparing these dimensionalities highlights the effect of confinement on structural transitions. Exact results are derived for 1D systems, while the rational function approximation is used for unconfined 3D fluids. Both scenarios confirm that when the steps are repulsive, the wavelength of the oscillatory decay of the total correlation function evolves with temperature either continuously or discontinuously. In the latter case, a discontinuous oscillation crossover line emerges in the temperature–density plane. For an attractive first step and a repulsive second step, a Fisher–Widom line appears. Although the 1D and 3D results share common features, dimensionality introduces differences: these behaviors occur in distinct temperature ranges, require deeper wells, or become attenuated in 3D. Certain features observed in 1D may vanish in 3D. We conclude that fluids with competing interactions exhibit a rich and intricate pattern of structural transitions, demonstrating the significant influence of dimensionality and interaction features.

Ultracold atomic physics offers myriad possibilities to study strongly correlated many-body systems in lower dimensions. Typically, only ground-state phases are accessible. Using a tunable quantum gas of bosonic cesium atoms, we realized and controlled in one-dimensional geometry a highly excited quantum phase that is stabilized in the presence of attractive interactions by maintaining and strengthening quantum correlations across a confinement-induced resonance. We diagnosed the crossover from repulsive to attractive interactions in terms of the stiffness and energy of the system. Our results open up the experimental study of metastable, excited, many-body phases with strong correlations and their dynamical properties.

Meiosis produces haploid gametes through a succession of chromosomal events, including pairing, synapsis, and recombination. Mechanisms that orchestrate these events remain poorly understood. We found that the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier)–modification and ubiquitin-proteasome systems regulate the major events of meiotic prophase in mouse. Interdependent localization of SUMO, ubiquitin, and proteasomes along chromosome axes was mediated largely by RNF212 and HEI10, two E3 ligases that are also essential for crossover recombination. RNF212-dependent SUMO conjugation effected a checkpointlike process that stalls recombination by rendering the turnover of a subset of recombination factors dependent on HEI10-mediated ubiquitylation. We propose that SUMO conjugation establishes a precondition for designating crossover sites via selective protein stabilization. Thus, meiotic chromosome axes are hubs for regulated proteolysis via SUMO-dependent control of the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

Acquired genomic structural variants (SVs) are major hallmarks of cancer genomes, but they are challenging to reconstruct from short-read sequencing data. Here we exploited the long reads of the nanopore platform using our customized pipeline, Picky (https://github.com/TheJacksonLaboratory/Picky), to reveal SVs of diverse architecture in a breast cancer model. We identified the full spectrum of SVs with superior specificity and sensitivity relative to short-read analyses, and uncovered repetitive DNA as the major source of variation. Examination of genome-wide breakpoints at nucleotide resolution uncovered micro-insertions as the common structural features associated with SVs. Breakpoint density across the genome is associated with the propensity for interchromosomal connectivity and was found to be enriched in promoters and transcribed regions of the genome. Furthermore, we observed an over-representation of reciprocal translocations from chromosomal double-crossovers through phased SVs. We demonstrate that Picky analysis is an effective tool for comprehensive detection of SVs in cancer genomes from long-read data.