Catalogue Search | MBRL
Are you sure you want to remove the book from the shelf?
{{itemTitle}}
35,371
result(s) for
"crowding"
Sort by:
Overcrowding in emergency departments: an overview of reviews describing global solutions and their outcomes
Emergency Department (ED) crowding is defined as a situation wherein the demands of emergency services overcome the ability of a department to provide high-quality care within an appropriate time frame. There is a need for solutions, as the harms of crowding impact patients, staff, and healthcare spending. An overview of ED crowding was previously published by our group, which outlines these global issues. The problem of overcrowding in emergency departments has emerged as a global public health concern, and several healthcare agencies have addressed the issue and proposed possible solutions at each level of emergency care. There is no current literature summarizing the extensive research on interventions and solutions, thus there is a need for data synthesis to inform policymakers in this field. The aim of this overview was to summarize the interventions at each level of emergency care: input, throughput, and output. The methodology was supported by the current PRIOR statement for an overview of reviews. The study summarized twenty-seven full-text systematic reviews, which encompassed three hundred and eight primary studies. The results of the summary displayed a requirement for increasing studies in input and output interventions, as these showed the best outcomes with regard to ED crowding metrics. Moreover, the results displayed heterogeneous results at each level of ED care; these reflected that generally solutions have not been matched to specific problems facing regional centres. Thus, individual factors need to be considered when implementing solutions in Emergency Departments.
Journal Article
A squash and a squeeze
With the help of an old man and all of her animals, an old lady realizes that her house is not as small as she thought it was.
Book
Enforcement may crowd out voluntary support for COVID-19 policies, especially where trust in government is weak and in a liberal society
Effective states govern by some combination of enforcement and voluntary compliance. To contain the COVID-19 pandemic, a critical decision is the extent to which policy makers rely on voluntary as opposed to enforced compliance, and nations vary along this dimension. While enforcement may secure higher compliance, there is experimental and other evidence that it may also crowd out voluntary motivation. How does enforcement affect citizens’ support for anti–COVID-19 policies? A survey conducted with 4,799 respondents toward the end of the first lockdown in Germany suggests that a substantial share of the population will support measures more under voluntary than under enforced implementation. Negative responses to enforcement—termed control aversion—vary across the nature of the policy intervention (e.g., they are rare for masks and frequent for vaccination and a cell-phone tracing app). Control aversion is less common among those with greater trust in the government and the information it provides, and among those who were brought up under the coercive regime of East Germany. Taking account of the likely effectiveness of enforcement and the extent to which near-universal compliance is crucial, the differing degrees of opposition to enforcement across policies suggest that for some anti–COVID-19 policies an enforced mandate would be unwise, while for others it would be essential. Similar reasoning may also be relevant for policies to address future pandemics and other societal challenges like climate change.
Journal Article
Governance, performance, and capacity stress : the chronic case of prison crowding
\"Governance systems, much like humans, can sustain capacity stress over long periods of time. Whereas public policy or public management informed analysis often tends to focus on the extremes of success or failure, the more complex reality is that these systems usually neither completely excel nor completely fail in what they do, but combine both in the way they cope and perform. This book explores one archetypal case - overcrowding in the England and Wales prison system. Packed with data, it provides an original analysis of the system through an era of managerialist change. This book contributes to cutting-edge debates in the management of prisons in particular, but the wider field of public management and executive politics more generally. It introduces the new and original concept of \"chronic capacity stress\" (CCS), one which will be valuable to anyone - academics, practitioners, students alike - interested in how policy systems succeed and fail in complex and ever-changing political, economic, and social environments\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The association between health and prison overcrowding, a scoping review
It is estimated that the majority of prisons globally are overcrowded. There is consensus that overcrowding leads to negative health outcomes, however quantitative research of this association appears limited. This scoping review aimed to identify literature examining the association between prison overcrowding and health outcomes, and to summarize these associations. Two databases and a grey literature site were searched for quantitative studies where overcrowding was an independent variable, and the outcome was any physical or mental health issue. This yielded 34 records from 16 mostly high-income countries in addition to three multi-country studies. Studies applied a range of definitions of overcrowding with the most common being occupancy rates. Studies mostly concluded that overcrowding had a positive association on the outcome under study, i.e., as overcrowding increased so did the prevalence of the disease under study. When methodological limitations were taken into consideration, we found that in eighteen articles prison overcrowding was independently and positively associated with tuberculosis, COVID-19, self-harm, depression, overall prison mortality, and injuries due to violence respectively. Prison overcrowding was not found to be independently associated with suicide in four of the five studies where it featured.
Journal Article
Consequences of Perceived Crowding: A Meta-Analytical Perspective
[Display omitted]
•Human crowding is positively and spatial crowding is negatively related to behavior.•While spatial crowding reduces control perceptions, human crowding has no such effect.•Human crowding improves store evaluation, whereas spatial crowding worsens it.•Effects of human and spatial crowding are enhanced or suppressed by various moderators.•A comprehensive model is more insightful as compared to individual crowding theories.
While perceived crowding is an important construct in retailing literature, empirical findings on the consequences of this construct are mixed. This study uses meta-analytic techniques to combine the findings from 73 samples and more than 19,000 shoppers in order to both summarize and extend understanding of the consequences of human and spatial crowding in retail stores. It makes a threefold contribution. First, the examination of two distinct types of crowding – human crowding and spatial crowding – provides evidence that they have different impacts on customer satisfaction and behavioral responses. In general, spatial crowding has a negative impact on customer outcomes, whereas human crowding has positive effects. Second, a test of various theoretical perspectives on crowding demonstrates strong indirect effects of crowding through different mediators. While spatial crowding reduces shoppers’ perceived control, human crowding has no such effect. Spatial crowding contributes to a negative evaluation of the store, whereas human crowding leads to a positive store evaluation. Both crowding types are related to positive and negative emotions experienced by shoppers. Thus, complex relationships are uncovered through the study of mediated effects, particularly within a comprehensive framework that integrates constructs and relationships from various theories. Third, the study of the impacts of various moderators indicates that human and spatial crowding display different effects depending on the retailer’s offering (hedonic/utilitarian), retail type (store/agglomeration), employee support (high/low), customer type (new/existing), and the environment (cooperative/competitive). Study findings not only extend theory but also offer relevant implications for brick-and-mortar retail stores faced with the challenges of competing with new retail forms and the use of new technologies.
Journal Article
Crowding and the shape of COVID-19 epidemics
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is straining public health systems worldwide, and major non-pharmaceutical interventions have been implemented to slow its spread
1
–
4
. During the initial phase of the outbreak, dissemination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was primarily determined by human mobility from Wuhan, China
5
,
6
. Yet empirical evidence on the effect of key geographic factors on local epidemic transmission is lacking
7
. In this study, we analyzed highly resolved spatial variables in cities, together with case count data, to investigate the role of climate, urbanization and variation in interventions. We show that the degree to which cases of COVID-19 are compressed into a short period of time (peakedness of the epidemic) is strongly shaped by population aggregation and heterogeneity, such that epidemics in crowded cities are more spread over time, and crowded cities have larger total attack rates than less populated cities. Observed differences in the peakedness of epidemics are consistent with a meta-population model of COVID-19 that explicitly accounts for spatial hierarchies. We paired our estimates with globally comprehensive data on human mobility and predict that crowded cities worldwide could experience more prolonged epidemics.
Analysis of spatial heterogeneity of crowding in China and Italy, together with COVID-19 case data, show that cities with higher crowding have longer epidemics and higher attack rates after the first epidemic wave.
Journal Article
Overcoming COVID-19 vaccination resistance when alternative policies affect the dynamics of conformism, social norms, and crowding out
What is an effective vaccination policy to end the COVID-19 pandemic? We address this question in a model of the dynamics of policy effectiveness drawing upon the results of a large panel survey implemented in Germany during the first and second waves of the pandemic. We observe increased opposition to vaccinations were they to be legally required. In contrast, for voluntary vaccinations, there was higher and undiminished support. We find that public distrust undermines vaccine acceptance, and is associated with a belief that the vaccine is ineffective and, if enforced, compromises individual freedom. We model how the willingness to be vaccinated may vary over time in response to the fraction of the population already vaccinated and whether vaccination has occurred voluntarily or not. A negative effect of enforcement on vaccine acceptance (of the magnitude observed in our panel or even considerably smaller) could result in a large increase in the numbers that would have to be vaccinated unwillingly in order to reach a herd-immunity target. Costly errors may be avoided if policy makers understand that citizens’ preferences are not fixed but will be affected both by the crowding-out effect of enforcement and by conformism. Our findings have broad policy applicability beyond COVID-19 to cases in which voluntary citizen compliance is essential because state capacities are limited and because effectivenessmay depend on theways that the policies themselves alter citizens’ beliefs and preferences.
Journal Article
Overcrowding in Emergency Department: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions—A Narrative Review
Overcrowding in Emergency Departments (EDs) is a phenomenon that is now widespread globally and causes a significant negative impact that goes on to affect the entire hospital. This contributes to a number of consequences that can affect both the number of resources available and the quality of care. Overcrowding is due to a number of factors that in most cases lead to an increase in the number of people within the ED, an increase in mortality and morbidity, and a decrease in the ability to provide critical services in a timely manner to patients suffering from medical emergencies. This phenomenon results in the Emergency Department reaching, and in some cases exceeding, its optimal capacity. In this review, the main causes and consequences involving this phenomenon were collected, including the effect caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in recent years. Finally, special attention was paid to the main operational strategies that have been developed over the years, strategies that can be applied both at the ED level (microlevel strategies) and at the hospital level (macrolevel strategies).
Journal Article