Explore the vast range of titles available.

As the number of people using the Internet has increased, more information is stored and accessible daily. As a result, the requirement for information security also grows. In the early stages of data security, cryptography is used. Cryptography turns readable information into an unreadable form. Steganography is the next generation of information security. The main downside of this steganography is that the digital media becomes damaged due to hiding information in digital media. The next stage of information security is Reversible Data Hiding (RDH). This method can restore personal information and digital media without error. The next method, Separable Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Digital Media, recovers the digital media and extracts concealed information independently without disturbing or knowing each other. This paper presents a novel Separable Reversible Data Hiding by Vacating Room After Encryption using the Encrypted Pixel Difference (SRDH-VRAE-EPD) method, which combines homomorphic encryption and encrypted pixel differences. The proposed method offers the following advantages. It achieves an embedding rate of 1.2 bpp, significantly improving upon standard VRAE algorithms while allowing for lossless data extraction and image recovery. The encrypted image ensures high security against various attacks, including statistical, differential, and chosen plaintext attacks, and it allows for the extraction of secret data and recovery of the original image independently, making it a separable process.

Data hiding in multimedia objects such as text, images, audio and video clips is a technique that has been widely used to achieve security for applications requiring copyright protection, covert communication, and tampering detection. Data hiding can be irreversible or reversible, where the latter is used to ensure exact recovery of the media object after extracting the hidden data. Different approaches to achieve reversible data hiding have been proposed. One of the approaches is the interpolation-based data hiding which has been proposed to achieve high data hiding capacity. This paper presents a new computationally simple interpolation-based data hiding technique that increases data hiding capacity and limits the cover image distortion that is caused by the two major steps of interpolation-based techniques; the downscaling/expansion step and the data hiding step . Image distortion reduction in the downscaling/expansion step is achieved by using a new image interpolation algorithm, whereas the image distortion in the data hiding step is reduced utilizing a new adjustable data hiding algorithm, which adaptively adjusts the level of tradeoff between data hiding capacity and image quality. The performance of the proposed technique has been evaluated for data hiding capacity and image quality using three metrics: peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), weighted PSNR (WPSNR), and structural similarity index (SSIM). The data hiding capacity achieved by the proposed technique can be as high as 1.7bpp, which is higher by 8.5 to 72% as compared to similar techniques. Moreover, for the data hiding step, the proposed algorithm achieved high quality images as reflected by values up to 54 dB for PSNR, 78 dB for WPSNR, and 0.9998 for SSIM.

Increasing data hiding capacity and reducing cover image distortions are the main objectives of any data hiding technique. Moreover, some applications require the reversibility of the data hiding technique so that the original cover image is exactly recovered in the extraction step. Interpolation-based data hiding techniques have the advantage of providing high data hiding capacity. However, they suffer two drawbacks: they are not truly reversible and introduce high distortions to the cover image. This paper presents a new interpolation-based data hiding technique that is adaptive, truly reversible, vastly reduces the cover image distortion, and takes the sensitivity of the Human Visual System (HVS) into consideration. Unlike other interpolation techniques, our proposed technique eliminates the down-scaling and expansion steps in typical interpolation-based techniques. Instead, it embeds data into the original cover image. It uses a simple, efficient interpolation algorithm to take the sensitivity of the HVS into account by limiting the distortions in smooth regions of the cover image where the HVS is more sensitive to distortions. Using dual cover images and an improved interpolation algorithm achieves reversibility, vastly reduces cover image distortion, and achieves high data hiding capacity. The downscaling and expansion step in typical interpolation-based data hiding techniques results in poor quality cover images with a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) in the neighborhood of 25 dB. The proposed technique eliminates this step and produces high-quality stego images with 42dBs minimum average PSNR values.

The goal of this survey is to review the state-of-the art Reversible Data Hiding (RDH) methods, classify these methods into different classes, and list out new trends in this field. RDH, in general, is a challenging problem and has potential applications in the today’s digital world. Reversible data hiding methods not only securely transfer secret data but also recover the cover media faithfully. Recently, RDH methods are mainly focused on obtaining high capacity along with tuneable quality. Although, extensive investigations in the field of reversible data hiding was carried out in the recent past, a comprehensive review of existing literature for listing out research gap and future directions has not yet been reported. In this survey, we have classified the reversible data hiding methods mainly into a) Plain domain b) Encrypted domain and also examine their pro and cons. Tabular comparison of various RDH methods has been provided considering various design and analysis aspects. Moreover, we discuss important issues related to reversible data hiding and use of benchmarked datasets along with performance metrics for evaluation of RDH methods.

How to hide messages in digital images so that messages cannot be discovered and tampered with is a compelling topic in the research area of cybersecurity. The interpolation-based reversible data hiding (RDH) scheme is especially useful for the application of medical image management. The biometric information of patients acquired by biosensors is embedded into an interpolated medical image for the purpose of authentication. The proposed scheme classifies pixel blocks into complex and smooth ones according to each block’s dynamic range of pixel values. For a complex block, the minimum-neighbor (MN) interpolation followed by DIM embedding is applied, where DIM denotes the difference between the block’s interpolated pixel values and the maximum pixel values. For a smooth block, the block mean (BM) interpolation is followed by a prediction error histogram (PEH) embedding and a difference expansion (DE) embedding is applied. Compared with previous methods, this adaptive strategy ensures low distortion due to embedding for smooth blocks while it provides a good payload for complex blocks. Our scheme is suitable for both medical and general images. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Performance comparisons with state-of-the-art schemes are also given. The peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of the proposed scheme is 10.32 dB higher than the relevant works in the best case.

Side-channel attacks are attacks against cryptographic devices that are based on information obtained by leakage into cryptographic algorithm hardware implementation rather than algorithm implementation. Power attacks are based on analyzing the power consumption of a corresponding input and obtaining access to this method. The power profile of the encryption circuit maintains an interaction with the input to be processed, allowing the attacker to guess the hidden secrets. In this work, we presented a novel architecture of masked logic cells that are resistant to power attacks and have reduced cell numbers. The presented masking cell reduces the relationship between the actual power and the mathematically approximated power model measured by the Pearson correlation coefficient. The security aspect of the logic cell is measured with the correlation coefficient of the person. The proposed mask-XOR and mask-AND cells are 0.0053 and 0.3respectively, much lower than the standard XOR and AND cells of 0.134 and 0.372respectively.

Reversible Data Hiding(RDH) has been extensively investigated, recently, due to its numerous applications in the field of defence, medical, law enforcement and image authentication. However, most of RDH techniques suffer from low secret data hiding capacity and communication overhead. For this, multistage high-capacity reversible data hiding technique without overhead is proposed in this manuscript. Proposed reversible data hiding approach exploits histogram peaks for embedding the secret data along with overhead bits both in plain and encrypted domain. First, marked image is obtained by embedding secret data in the plain domain which is further processed using affine cipher maintaining correlation among the pixels. In second stage, overhead bits are embedded in the encrypted marked image. High embedding capacity is achieved through exploiting histogram peak for embedding multiple bits of secret data. Proposed approach is experimentally validated on different datasets and results are compared with the state-of-the-art techniques over different images.

This work presents a novel reversible data hiding scheme based on combinations of pixel orientations located at two steganographic images to enhance embedding capacity and preserve good visual quality. Before secret data are embedded, the proposed scheme converts the data into a sequence of digits in a base-5 numeral system. The conversion then extends the abilitity to carry more secret data. When the secret data embedding procedure is performed, the original cover pixel value can only be modified by at most plus or minus one, thus ensuring that the stegano-image also has excellent visual quality. Moreover, image recovery does not require overhead information. Experimental results demonstrate that the embedding capacity is around 1.07 bpp and PSNR reaches 49.6 dB. The experimental comparison also reveals that the proposed scheme outperforms other related schemes in terms of embedding rate and retains a high visual effect of stegano-image.

Multi-party reversible data hiding over ciphered images (MRDH-CI) has high restorability since the image is split into multiple ciphered images by secret sharing. However, the MRDH-CI methods either fail to produce satisfied results, or only work well for conventional images. This paper introduces a multi-party reversible data-hiding approach over ciphered overexposed images. First, the pixels of the overexposed images are decomposed into two parts, each of which can be used for secret sharing. Then, the decomposed overexposed images are converted into multiple ciphered overexposed images by using a modified secret sharing method, in which the differences of the ciphered overexposed images are retained. The symmetry of the difference retaining makes the secret data conceal within the ciphered overexposed images such that the marked ciphered overexposed images can be created. Finally, by collecting sufficient marked ciphered overexposed images, it is possible to symmetrically reconstruct the concealed data and primitive overexposed image. Experimental results illustrate that the presented method can efficiently deal with overexposed images while maintaining a low computational overhead.

It is called as a reversible data hiding method when the cover object can be restored together with extracting the secret data at a receiver. In reversible data hiding, interpolation-based data hiding methods are recently proposed, where image interpolation techniques are used before embedding the secret data. In this paper, reversible data hiding methods using interpolation techniques are described and analyzed on the embedding capacity and the visual image quality that many researchers have tried to improve these different measurements. It is concluded with the directions of research with some recommendations.