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The Internet of things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been rapidly and tremendously developing recently as computing technologies have brought about a significant revolution. Their applications and implementations can be found all around us, either individually or collaboratively. WSN plays a leading role in developing the general flexibility of industrial resources in terms of increasing productivity in the IoT. The critical principle of the IoT is to make existing businesses sufficiently intelligent to recognize the need for significant fault mitigation and short-cycle adaptation to improve effectiveness and financial profits. This article presents efficiently applied security protocols at the data link layer for WSN and IoT-based frameworks. It outlines the importance of WSN–IoT applications as well as the architecture of WSN in the IoT. Our primary aim is to highlight the research issues and limitations of WSNs related to the IoT. The fundamental goal of this work is to emphasize a suggested architecture linked to WSN–IoT to enhance energy and power consumption, mobility, information transmission, QoS, and security, as well as to present practical solutions to data link layer difficulties for the future using machine learning. Moreover, we present data link layer protocol issues, attacks, limitations, and research gaps for WSN frameworks based on the recent work conducted on the data link layer concerning WSN applications. Current significant issues and challenges pertain to flow control, quality of service (QoS), security, and performance. In the context of the literature, less work has been undertaken concerning the data link layer in WSN and its relation to improved network performance.

LoRa is one of the most popular low-power wireless network technologies for implementation of the Internet of Things, with the advantage of providing long-range communication, but lower data rates, when compared with technologies such as Zigbee or Bluetooth. LoRa is a single-channel physical layer technology on top of which LoRaWAN implements a more complex multi-channel network with enhanced functionalities, such as adaptive data rate. However, LoRaWAN relies on expensive hardware to support these functionalities. This paper proposes a LoRa data-link-layer architecture based on a multi-layer star network topology that adapts relevant LoRa parameters for each end node dynamically taking into account its link distance and quality in order to balance communication range and energy consumption. The developed solution is comprised of multiple components, including a LoRa parameter calculator to help the user to configure the network parameters, a contention-free MAC protocol to avoid collisions, and an adaptive spreading factor and transmission power mechanism. These components work together to ensure a more efficient use of the chosen ISM band and end node resources, but with low-cost implementation and operation requirements.

Electronic Data Interchange is a popular platform for sensitive business transactional data transmission over the local to public network. It requires Value Added Network to communicate local data from one endpoint to another. In this paper, we proposed a value-added network design and deployment using the Virtual Local Area Network. The Value Added Network over a virtual Local Area Network eases the burden of managing the network and its functional devices. This proposed network provides the solution of data traffic as per demand required network path for the Electronic Data Interchange applications. This advanced deployment model of Value Added Network over a virtual Local Area Network also offers more robust security to the network entities and traffic. This proposed Virtual Local area network has been deployed with the Cisco environment, and all the specifications have been successfully implemented and tested for optimal security for Electronic Data Interchange. Virtual Local Area Network deployed with four different methods such as transferring packets with backbone, virtual Local Area Network using the tagging method, implementing virtual Local Area Network using Time Division Multiplexing, and by user-defined frame field. All these deployments are successfully done, and the secure platform for Electronic Data Interchange data exchange from one end local network to the other local network has been optimized.

The Link Access Procedures on Dm channel (LAPDM) is the data link layer of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) cellular network. According to the requirements of virtual base station and 3GPP protocols, we proposed an improved scheme for implementing LAPDM on GSM virtual base station platform. The scheme has higher reliability and efficiency by reducing the useless data link status and operational flow. This paper introduced a framework for realizing the proposed scheme and presented detailed analyses about its program structure, status transition, errors detection and correction approach, timer and retransmission mechanism. Finally, the program was ported to the hardware platform and monitored by OT Drive software. Experimental results show the improved scheme has good performance on each required signaling flow.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Medium Access Control Automatic Retransmission Request Examples of LAN Standards Problems References

Link adaptation using adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) is a popular physical layer technique for efficient use of time-varying fading channels. Using a cross-layer approach, AMC and truncated automatic repeat request scheme at data link layer are jointly considered. For a convolutionally-coded M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation system under block fading channel condition, a variable rate transmission scheme that uses imperfect channel state information is derived. First, a closed-form expression for approximating packet error rate (PER) is found as a function of coded information rate. It is then shown that by solving an optimisation problem using this expression, optimum transmission rate can be determined in a way that maximises the spectral efficiency while satisfying an average PER constraint. Hence, the parameters in physical and medium access control layers are incorporated in the analysis.

The efficiency of service of Underwater Acoustic Networks is restricted by the acoustic channel characteristic, such as the low bandwidth , high varying multipath and elevated noise levels. In addition, the lifetime of Underwater Acoustic Networks is influenced greatly by the limited battery power. This paper designs an Underwater Acoustic Networks and poses the data link layer protocols including the logical link control protocol and the media access control protocol. The simulation results have demonstrated that the protocols are of certain applicability in underwater acoustic channel environment that maximize throughput and reliability while minimizing end-to-end delay. In the event of low offered load, the protocol can satisfy the requirment of Underwater Acoustic Networks.

TCP is the most widely used protocol in internet which provides the reliable end to end data communications for users, and the TCP congestion control is one of the key technology that ensures the internet normal functions. However, TCP was designed on the terms of wire network at first, in which congestion was the only reason for division lost and accordingly TCP control was made. In the wireless network there are many error codes, the transfer mistakes easily make division lost and the network congestion is not the only reason for data lost any more, so if we continue to use the traditional TCP control, the transfer speed and the network function will be down. This paper offers a DS-TCP solution based on mobile algorithm that can efficiently reduce the data packet lost in the wireless network, increase the TCP throughput and network utilization and improve the TCP functions in the mobile IP wireless network.

This work describes the steps for obtaining two link layer protocols for a wireless sensor network WSN, which functions integrated at single stack. The central axis for the development is the Received Signal Strength Indicator of the signal radio available at the implementation of the radio system in the IEEE802.15.4 standard. The protocols developed are quality link management protocols and positioning and localization protocols. The final results are completed with the protocols time synchronization, topology control and routing for generating a single protocols stack loading at nodes of WSN applied to industrial processes.