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"data standards"
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A prospective comparison of evidence synthesis search strategies developed with and without text-mining tools
Objective: We compared the process of developing searches with and without using text-mining tools (TMTs) for evidence synthesis products.
Study Design: This descriptive comparative analysis included seven systematic reviews, classified as simple or complex. Two librarians created MEDLINE strategies for each review, using either usual practice (UP) or TMTs. For each search we calculated sensitivity, number-needed-to-read (NNR) and time spent developing the search strategy.
Results: We found UP searches were more sensitive (UP 92% (95% CI, 85-99); TMT 84.9% (95% CI, 74.4-95.4)), with lower NNR (UP 83 (SD 34); TMT 90 (SD 68)). UP librarians spent an average of 12 h (SD 8) developing search strategies, compared to TMT librarians’ 5 hours (SD 2).
Conclusion: Across all reviews, TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches, but confidence intervals overlapped. For simple SR topics, TMT searches were faster and slightly less sensitive than UP. For complex SR topics, TMT searches were faster and less sensitive than UP searches but identified unique eligible citations not found by the UP searches.
Journal Article
Comparing the impact of an icon array versus a bar graph on preference and understanding of risk information: Results from an online, randomized study
Few studies have examined the best way to convey the probability of serious events occurring in the future (i.e., risk of stroke or death) to persons with low numeracy or graph literacy proficiency. To address this gap, we developed and user-tested a bar graph and compared it to icon arrays to assess its impact on understanding and preference for viewing risk information.
To determine the: (i) formats' impact on participants' understanding of risk information; (ii) formats' impact on understanding and format preference across numeracy and graph literacy subgroups; (iii) rationale supporting participants' preference for each graphical display format.
An online sample (evenly made up of participants with high and low objective numeracy and graph literacy) was randomized to view either the icon array or the bar graph. Each format conveyed the risk of major stroke and death five years after choosing surgery, a stent, or medication to treat carotid artery stenosis. Participants answered questions to assess their understanding of the risk information. Lastly, both formats were presented in parallel, and participants were asked to identify their preferred format to view risk information and explain their preference.
Of the 407 participants, 197 were assigned the icon array and 210 the bar graph. Understanding of risk information and format preference did not differ significantly between the two trial arms, irrespective of numeracy and graph literacy proficiency. High numeracy and graph literacy proficiency was associated with high understanding (p<0.01) and a preference for the bar graph (p = 0.01).
We found no evidence to demonstrate the superiority of one format over another on understanding. The majority of participants preferred viewing the risk information using the bar graph format.
Journal Article
Ocean data need a sea change to help navigate the warming world
Open up, share and network information so that marine stewardship can mitigate climate change, overfishing and pollution.
Open up, share and network information so that marine stewardship can mitigate climate change, overfishing and pollution.
Journal Article
Ethical and social implications of public–private partnerships in the context of genomic/big health data collection
This paper reports on the findings of an international workshop organised by the UK-France+ Genomics and Ethics Network (UK-FR + GENE) in 2022. The focus of the workshop were the ethical and social issues raised by public-private partnerships in the context of large-scale genomics initiatives in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and Israel, i.e. collaborations where commercial entities are given access to publicly held genomic data. While the public sector relies on partnerships with commercial entities to exploit the full potential of the data it holds, such collaborations may have an impact on the return of benefits to the public sector and on public trust, and subsequently challenge the social contract. The first part of this paper explores the ways in which the four countries examined respond to the challenges posed to the social contract, and what safeguards they put in place to secure public trust. The second part presents three approaches to address the challenges of private-public partnerships in secondary data use. In conclusion, this paper offers a set of minimum requirements for these partnerships within solidarity-based publicly funded healthcare systems. These include the necessity of public-private partnerships to (1) contribute to the public benefit and minimise harm produced by the use of publicly held data; (2) avoid prioritisation of commercial interests over robust governance structures to guarantee benefits to the public and protect donors, especially marginalised groups; (3) side-step the pitfalls of the rhetoric of solidarity and be transparent about the challenges to return the benefits to ‘all’.
Journal Article
Common data models and data standards for tabular health data: a systematic review
Background
The use of health data supports knowledge-based decision-making in healthcare. Common Data Models (CDMs) and data standards facilitate the integration of diverse data sources and enable federated analysis by harmonizing data formats and terminologies.
Methods
To determine the best approaches to harmonizing patient data, we undertook a comprehensive literature search, which allowed us to identify the most popular and established CDMs (i2b2, Sentinel CDM, PCORnet CDM, OMOP CDM) and data standards (CDA, HL7 version 2, FHIR, openEHR). We established a set of criteria across the categories of Suitability, Popularity, Adaptability, Interoperability, and Support.
Results
The CDMs and data standards are evaluated based on the defined criteria. Overall criteria the OMOP CDM and FHIR scored best. We highlight the strongest CDM and data standard for each criteria category.
Conclusion
Given the unique characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of each CDM and data standard, no single global representation can be selected. To promote broad adoption of CDMs and data standards, it is essential to enable transformation between different representations and utilize various formats within a single tool to facilitate their interoperability. Only then seamless data exchange and research across borders can be achieved.
Clinical trial number
Not applicable.
Journal Article
Profiling Standards to Improve Practical Interoperability
Standard data models are key to enable a set of data integration functionalities, often characterised using the Findability, Accessibility, Interoperabilty and Reusability (FAIR) principles. However, standardisation is a process of trying to meet many requirements, and standard data models are inherently either very abstract or very comprehensive in the details. This results in several ambiguity pitfalls, inconsistent implementation of standard data models, which in turn hinders trust in the interoperability potential of standardised data, and complicates any integration processes. In practice profiling such standards is useful to overcome such issues to create more useful forms of standardised data for specific applications. However defining custom profiles typically requires a great deal of technical expertise in the underlying expression language of the standard. Maintaining access to this level of expertise is a challenge as profiles become outdated through the time and lose connection with the maintenance of the parent standard from which they originate. Therefore, in this paper, a scalable methodology is proposed, built on the OGC Building Blocks Model approach, that uses semantic modelling to support an easier composition of geospatial data models profiles which directly derive from available standards without losing the relevant dependencies that inform stakeholders which components are interoperable with other standards. The approach is tested within a digital building permit project (CHEK), in which data requirements derive from the semantics of city regulations and common geospatial standards (i.e., CityGML and INSPIRE) are used as reference.
Journal Article
Measuring alignment between the ADRC UDS data elements, FDA, and EHR data standards
INTRODUCTION We compared and measured alignment between the Health Level Seven (HL7) Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard used by electronic health records (EHRs), the Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) standards used by industry, and the Uniform Data Set (UDS) used by the Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers (ADRCs). METHODS The ADRC UDS, consisting of 5959 data elements across eleven packets, was mapped to FHIR and CDISC standards by two independent mappers, with discrepancies adjudicated by experts. RESULTS Forty‐five percent of the 5959 UDS data elements mapped to the FHIR standard, indicating possible electronic obtainment from EHRs. Ninety‐four percent mapped to the CDISC standards, demonstrating high compatibility with industry standards. DISCUSSION The study highlights the feasibility of harmonizing ADRC data with industry and clinical standards. CDISC demonstrated superior alignment with ADRC UDS data, whereas FHIR showed potential for improvement through resource maturation and enhanced standardization. Highlights Forty‐five percent of Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Uniform Data Set (ADRC UDS) data elements could be mapped to Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR), indicating potential electronic health records (EHRs) extraction. Ninety‐four percent of ADRC UDS data elements could be mapped to Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) Study Data Tabulation Model (SDTM), showing high industry compatibility. Identified areas for improving data standards harmonization in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) research. Systematic mapping method aligns ADRC UDS with Health Level Seven (HL7) FHIR and CDISC SDTM standards. Results support feasibility of data sharing across ADRC research, EHRs, and industry.
Journal Article
Implementation Cryptography Data Encryption Standard (DES) and Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES) Method in Communication System Based Near Field Communication (NFC)
Cryptography is a method used to create secure communication by manipulating sent messages during the communication occurred so only intended party that can know the content of that messages. Some of the most commonly used cryptography methods to protect sent messages, especially in the form of text, are DES and 3DES cryptography method. This research will explain the DES and 3DES cryptography method and its use for stored data security in smart cards that working in the NFC-based communication system. Several things that will be explained in this research is the ways of working of DES and 3DES cryptography method in doing the protection process of a data and software engineering through the creation of application using C++ programming language to realize and test the performance of DES and 3DES cryptography method in encrypted data writing process to smart cards and decrypted data reading process from smart cards. The execution time of the entering and the reading process data using a smart card DES cryptography method is faster than using 3DES cryptography.
Journal Article