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Markov chains and decision processes for engineers and managers
\"This book presents an introduction to finite Markov chains and Markov decision processes, with applications in engineering and management. It introduces discrete-time, finite-state Markov chains, and Markov decision processes. The text describes both algorithms and applications, enabling students to understand the logical basis for the algorithms and be able to apply them. The applications address problems in government, business, and nonprofit sectors. The author uses Markov models to approximate the random behavior of complex systems in diverse areas, such as management, production, science, education, health services, finance, and marketing\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Decision‐Making Preferences in Times of Crisis
During crises, understanding political decision-making processes and evaluating related preferences are key to the legitimacy of political decisions. Our research focuses on preferences in decision-making processes in times of crisis through the analysis of the representational style most preferred by voters: that is, whether they prefer representation of the public good by the representatives, the party lines, the involvement of experts, or the incorporation of voters’ interests. Within the framework of representative democracy, these decisions are mediated by representatives whose representational style determines whose interest and opinion decision-making processes integrate. In our analysis, we examined representative styles in the context of three different types of crises: economic, social, and environmental. Our results indicate that the type of crisis is indifferent when it comes to preferred political decision-making processes, as Hungarian voters tend to favor processes where they are being consulted by the representatives across different scenarios. Representatives’ commitment to party lines is disfavored when making political decisions and we observed there is no clear preference regarding the involvement of experts in political decisions in times of crisis. These observed preferences strongly contradict the prevailing “strong party discipline” in Hungary. This deviation accentuates both weakening representative linkages and the importance of the performative elements of representation feeding into the populist characteristic of Hungarian democracy.
Journal Article
Building the Electromagnetic Situation Awareness in MANET Cognitive Radio Networks for Urban Areas
This paper presents a solution for building awareness of the electromagnetic situation in cognitive mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) using the cooperative spectrum sensing method. Signal detection is performed using energy detectors with noise level estimation. Based on the evidence theory, the fusion center decides on the particular channel occupancy, which can process incomplete and unambiguous input data. Next, a reinforced machine learning algorithm estimates the usefulness of particular channels for the MANET transmission and creates backup channels list that could be used in case of interferences. Initial simulations were performed using the MATLAB environment, and next an OMNET-based MAENA high fidelity simulator was used. Performed simulations showed a significant increase in sensing efficiency compared to sensing performed using simple data fusion rules.
Journal Article
Factors Influencing Perioperative Nurse Turnover: A Classic Grounded Theory Study
Perioperative nurse turnover rates range from 12% to 18.8%, and approximately 75% of perioperative managers reported at least one vacancy in 2021. Perioperative leaders are challenged to mitigate nurse turnover effectively because factors contributing to a nurse's decision to leave their job are not well defined. The purpose of this qualitative study using classic grounded theory was to explore perioperative nurses’ turnover decision‐making processes. We used social media to recruit participants and then conducted 26 interviews to collect data. We completed comparative analysis of the data and developed the Perioperative Nurse Turnover Decision‐Making Theory, which describes the influence of the dimensions of perioperative nurse well‐being (ie, physical and emotional well‐being, career development, work‐life balance, compensation, workplace culture) on their decision to leave an OR position. Perioperative leaders should consider the nurses’ decision‐making process when developing and implementing interventions aimed at reducing turnover.
Journal Article
The experiences of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis of their decision‐making processes to invasive home mechanical ventilation—A qualitative study
Aim To explore and gain knowledge of the experiences and needs among patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) of their decision‐making processes whether to choose invasive home mechanical ventilation or not. Design A qualitative study. Methods A phenomenological‐hermeneutic approach influenced by Ricoeur's interpretation theory was used. Seven patients with ALS were interviewed. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist was used for reporting. Results Three themes were evident in patients' accounts of the decision‐making process: (1) being taken care of directly after receiving the diagnosis, (2) living in uncertainty about what the future would bring and (3) doubt causing patients with ALS to change their minds. Patients with ALS were burdened with everyday life challenging decision‐making processes about future treatment and doubt caused patients to change their minds about their future treatment. It is necessary to support patients in their decision‐making processes using shared decision‐making. Patient or Public Contribution No Patient or Public Contribution.
Journal Article
The Effect of Cultural Intelligence, Conflict, and Transformational Leadership on Decision-Making Processes in Virtual Teams
The rapid development of information and communication technology (ICT) has resulted in several improvements in diverse aspects of the organizational structures, including the introduction of virtual teams (VTs). Organizations rely on VTs since they bring a lot of benefits, such as the enhancement of organizational performance. However, effective VTs cannot exist without the proper implementation of decision-making processes. There is a lack of scientific research that attempts to understand the factors affecting decision-making processes in VTs. Studies in this area have only been conducted in the United States and Europe. However, such research has not been conducted in the Middle East, where specific scientific solutions are still required to improve the performance of VTs. Therefore, this study is conducted in the Middle East to gain scientific knowledge on this region’s specificity. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify the factors that affect VT decision-making processes. An online survey was used to collect data (Google forms) from companies in the IT industry in UAE, which are engaged in VTs. A literature review, survey methods, and structural equation modeling were used. The results showed that culture intelligence (CQ), transformational leadership (TL), and task conflict have a positive effect on VT decision-making processes, and relationship conflict has a negative impact on VT decision-making processes, which provides the management teams with a guideline on what to concentrate on in the measuring and enhancement of the effectiveness of VT decision making.
Journal Article
Long-Term Impact of Wind Erosion on the Particle Size Distribution of Soils in the Eastern Part of the European Union
Wind erosion is the leading cause of soil degradation and air pollution in many regions of the world. As wind erosion is controlled by climatic factors, research on this phenomenon is urgently needed in soil and land management in order to better adapt to climate change. In this paper, the impact of wind erosion on the soil surface in relation to particle size distribution was investigated. Changes in percentage of sand, silt and clay fractions based on historical KPP data (1961–1970), LUCAS data base (2009), and field measurements (2016) were analysed in five cadastral areas impacted by wind erosion (Záhorie Lowlands, Slovakia). With the use of GIS tools, models of spatial distribution of sand, silt, clay and erodible fraction (EF) content were developed based on those measurements. Our findings proved that soil texture change driven by wind erosion could happen relatively quickly, and a significant proportion of soil fine particles may be carried away within a few years. The results indicate that the soil surface became much rougher over the period of more than 50 years, but also that the accumulation of fraction of the silt particles occurred in most of the areas affected by the erosive effect.
Journal Article
Decision-Making Processes of Renewable Energy Consumers Compared to Other Categories of Ecological Products
In the scientific discourse on consumption, increasingly more attention is being paid to sustainable development. Regarding the fact that not only various types of enterprises, but also consumers contribute to the excessive consumption of natural resources, it is of crucial importance to reduce the knowledge gap in the field of sustainable consumer behavior and decision-making processes related to the choice of organic products. The paper aims to present the decision-making processes of Polish consumers of renewable energy against the background of other categories of ecological products. Special attention is paid to the extent in which the offer is adjusted to the needs of consumers of renewable energy in Poland, compared to other categories of ecological products. The paper also shows the perception of the consumer of ecological products by buyers of renewable energy and by people who do not buy ecological products. The paper is based on a literature review and the results of a quantitative empirical study. The quantitative research was performed on a nationwide sample of 1032 people, among whom 509 people bought an organic product in the last 3 months, and 523 people did not purchase such a product during this period. The analysis of the results allows us to conclude that in the case of renewable energy, factors such as price, quality and the producer’s certification play a crucial role in the decision-making processes of Polish consumers. The hierarchy of criteria considered in the decision-making process related to the purchase of renewable energy and equipment enabling the use of renewable energy sources is quite similar to the one observed when purchasing electric cars. At the same time, it should be noted that almost every second person purchasing renewable energy compares many offers and spends a relatively long time contemplating their choice.
Journal Article