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Technology, Television, and Competition
In the late 1980s and 1990s, the advanced industrial countries considered replacing the existing analogue television infrastructure with a new digital one. A key common feature to the debates over digital TV (DTV) in the United States, Western Europe and Japan was the eventual victory of the ideas of digitalism (the superiority of everything digital over everything analogue) and of digital convergence (the merging of computing, telecommunications and broadcasting infrastructures made possible by digitalization) in public debates over standards. Jeffrey Hart's book shows how nationalism and regionalism combined with digitalism to produce three different and incompatible DTV standards in the three regions, an outcome which has led to missed opportunities in developing the new technologies. Hart's book contributes to our understanding of relations between business and government, and of competition between the world's great economic powers.
eBook
The Far-Infrared Absorption Spectrum of HDsup.16O: Experimental Line Positions, Accurate Empirical Energy Levels, and a Recommended Line List
The far-infrared absorption spectrum of monodeuterated water vapor, HD[sup.16]O, is analyzed using three high-sensitivity absorption spectra recorded by high-resolution Fourier transform spectroscopy at the SOLEIL synchrotron facility. The gas sample was obtained using a 1:1 mixture of H[sub.2]O and D[sub.2]O leading to a HDO abundance close to 50%. The room temperature spectra recorded in the 50–720 cm[sup.−1] range cover most of the rotational band. The sensitivity of the recordings allows for lowering by three orders of magnitude the detectivity threshold of previous absorption studies in the region. Line centers are determined with a typical accuracy of 5 × 10[sup.−5] cm[sup.−1] for well-isolated lines. The combined line list of 8522 water lines is assigned to 9186 transitions of the nine stable water isotopologues (H[sub.2] [sup.X]O, HD[sup.X]O, and D[sub.2] [sup.X]O with X = 16, 17, and 18). Regarding the HD[sup.16]O isotopologue, a total of 2443 transitions are presently assigned while about 530 absorption transitions were available prior to our SOLEIL recordings. The comparison with the HITRAN list of HD[sup.16]O transitions is discussed in detail. The obtained set of accurate HD[sup.16]O transition frequencies is merged with literature sources to generate a set of 1121 accurate empirical rotation–vibration energies for the first five vibrational states (000), (010), (100), (020), and (001). The comparison to the previous dataset from an IUPAC task group illustrates a gain in the average energy accuracy by more than one order of magnitude. Based on these levels, a recommended list of transitions between the first five vibrational states is proposed for HD[sup.16]O in the 0–4650 cm[sup.−1] frequency range.
Journal Article
What is precarious employment? A systematic review of definitions and operationalizations from quantitative and qualitative studies
Objectives The lack of a common definition for precarious employment (PE) severely hampers the comparison of studies within and between countries, consequently reducing the applicability of research findings. We carried out a systematic review to summarize how PE has been conceptualized and implemented in research and identify the construct's dimensions in order to facilitate guidance on its operationalization. Methods According to PRISMA guidelines, we searched Web of Science and Scopus for publications with variations of PE in the title or abstract. The search returned 1225 unique entries, which were screened for eligibility. Exclusion criteria were (i) language other than English, (ii) lack of a definition for PE, and (iii) non-original research. A total of 63 full-text articles were included and qualitative thematic-analysis was performed in order to identify dimensions of PE. Results We identified several theory-based definitions of PE developed by previous researchers. Most definitions and operationalizations were either an accommodation to available data or the direct result of qualitative studies identifying themes of PE. The thematic-analysis of the selected articles resulted in a multidimensional construct including the following three dimensions: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, and lack of rights and protection. Conclusions Despite a growing number of studies on PE, most fail to clearly define the concept, severely restricting the advancement of the research of PE as a social determinant of health. Our combined theoretical and empirical review suggests that a common multidimensional definition could be developed and deployed in different labor market contexts using a variety of methodological approaches.
Journal Article
If Advertising Won't Die, What Will It Be? Toward a Working Definition of Advertising
Answering recent calls for a new definition of advertising, we identify three dynamics-(new) media and formats, (new) \"consumer\" behaviors, and extended effects of advertising-that drive the evolution of advertising. Based on these, and a survey of advertising academics and professionals, we formulate an updated working definition of advertising as \"brand-initiated communication intent on impacting people.\" We also test and validate this definition and the three dynamics in a content analysis of recently published advertising research (2010 to 2015). In doing so, we hope to contribute to a more diverse and contemporary development of advertising research.
Journal Article
Stakeholder Theory Classification: A Theoretical and Empirical Evaluation of Definitions
Stakeholder theory is widely accepted but elementary aspects remain indeterminate as the term 'stakeholder' is an essentially contested concept (Miles, J Bus Ethics 108:285-298, 2012; Mitchell, Organ Stud 33:1407-1411, 2012), being variously describable, internally complex and open in character (Gallie, Proc Aristot Soc 56:167-198, 1956). Such contestability is highly problematic for theory development and empirical testing. The extent of essential contestability, previously unknown, is demonstrated in this paper through a bounded systematic review of 593 different stakeholder theory definitions. As an essentially contested concept, the solution does not lie in a universal stakeholder definition, but in debating the boundaries of stakeholder identification. To this end, this paper presents the first major attempt at sorting, filtering and ordering stakeholder theory and stakeholder definitions to produce a comprehensive, multi-dimensional classification of stakeholder theory. The constructs of the classification model juxtapose existing stakeholder theories and contributions from across the multicontextual applications of stakeholder theory, thereby providing an invaluable overview of what we know about stakeholder theory in one model. The classification model is then tested with positive results. The paper concludes with a comprehensive discussion of the implications of classification stakeholder theory definitions, which has for future research.
Journal Article
Financial Literacy Explicated: The Case for a Clearer Definition in an Increasingly Complex Economy
This study explicates the concept of financial literacy, which has blossomed in use this century. Scholars, policy officials, financial experts and consumer advocates have used the phrase loosely to describe the knowledge, skills, confidence and motivation necessary to effectively manage money. As a result, financial literacy has varying conceptual definitions in existing research, as well as diverse operational definitions and values. This study dissects the differing financial literacy definitions and measures, urging researchers toward common ground. A clearer definition should improve future research, in turn helping consumers better understand and adapt to changing life events and an increasingly complex economy.
Journal Article
Evaluation of Slum Upgrading Interventions - Methodological Approaches
This work addresses slums definition according to UN-Habitat, and provides some objectives of impact evaluation of slum upgrading projects. The main objective is to clarify the importance behind the slum upgrading projects (interventions), through over viewing the slum upgrading interventions and their main characteristics then summarize methodology of evaluation studies. This paper gives an overview of counterfactual question, qualitative and quantitative methodologies discusses main strategies to control bias in Quasi-experimental approaches, and provides a summary about common past evaluation challenges and recommendations which can be applied to future work.
Journal Article
Social Presence: Conceptualization and Measurement
Social presence is an important construct in online group learning. It influences the way how social interaction unfolds online and affects learning and social outcomes. However, what precisely social presence is has been under debate, as presently a plethora of different definitions and measures exist preventing the development of a coherent research field regarding social presence and its defining role in online group learning. To solve the issue, we went back to the original social presence theory as devised by the communication researchers Short et al. (1976) to show that although they had a clear idea of social presence—namely “realness” of other persons in the interaction—their definition is ambiguous, not operationalizable, and the measurement of it questionable. We, therefore, disentangled their social presence theory and (1) reformulated the social presence definition to enable an operationalization in line with the previous conceptualization of social presence; (2) departed from the technological determinism of social presence; and (3) identified two other constructs closely linked to social presence, namely, sociability (as a medium attribute) and social space (as a group attribute). By reformulating the definition of social presence and by linking it to social space and sociability, we hope to contribute to a more coherent line of social presence research and to better understand interpersonal communication, group learning, and group dynamics when learning and working together in an online setting.
Journal Article