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Technology, Television, and Competition
In the late 1980s and 1990s, the advanced industrial countries considered replacing the existing analogue television infrastructure with a new digital one. A key common feature to the debates over digital TV (DTV) in the United States, Western Europe and Japan was the eventual victory of the ideas of digitalism (the superiority of everything digital over everything analogue) and of digital convergence (the merging of computing, telecommunications and broadcasting infrastructures made possible by digitalization) in public debates over standards. Jeffrey Hart's book shows how nationalism and regionalism combined with digitalism to produce three different and incompatible DTV standards in the three regions, an outcome which has led to missed opportunities in developing the new technologies. Hart's book contributes to our understanding of relations between business and government, and of competition between the world's great economic powers.
eBook
The Far-Infrared Absorption Spectrum of HDsup.16O: Experimental Line Positions, Accurate Empirical Energy Levels, and a Recommended Line List
The far-infrared absorption spectrum of monodeuterated water vapor, HD[sup.16]O, is analyzed using three high-sensitivity absorption spectra recorded by high-resolution Fourier transform spectroscopy at the SOLEIL synchrotron facility. The gas sample was obtained using a 1:1 mixture of H[sub.2]O and D[sub.2]O leading to a HDO abundance close to 50%. The room temperature spectra recorded in the 50–720 cm[sup.−1] range cover most of the rotational band. The sensitivity of the recordings allows for lowering by three orders of magnitude the detectivity threshold of previous absorption studies in the region. Line centers are determined with a typical accuracy of 5 × 10[sup.−5] cm[sup.−1] for well-isolated lines. The combined line list of 8522 water lines is assigned to 9186 transitions of the nine stable water isotopologues (H[sub.2] [sup.X]O, HD[sup.X]O, and D[sub.2] [sup.X]O with X = 16, 17, and 18). Regarding the HD[sup.16]O isotopologue, a total of 2443 transitions are presently assigned while about 530 absorption transitions were available prior to our SOLEIL recordings. The comparison with the HITRAN list of HD[sup.16]O transitions is discussed in detail. The obtained set of accurate HD[sup.16]O transition frequencies is merged with literature sources to generate a set of 1121 accurate empirical rotation–vibration energies for the first five vibrational states (000), (010), (100), (020), and (001). The comparison to the previous dataset from an IUPAC task group illustrates a gain in the average energy accuracy by more than one order of magnitude. Based on these levels, a recommended list of transitions between the first five vibrational states is proposed for HD[sup.16]O in the 0–4650 cm[sup.−1] frequency range.
Journal Article
Structure and share of satellite TV channels and DTH platforms in Europe
This work deals with the structure of TV channels that are distributed from satellite positions where DTH platforms offer their services in European countries. The structure is being considered via service availability (FTA and PAY TV), resolution (SDTV, HDTV and UHDTV), standards of broadcasting (DVB-S and DVB-S2), satellites and satellite positions, as well as market share of leading satellite operators at European market through which DTH providers do their services to the ultimate users. We also represent the market of TV channel distribution through the number of household which use cable, satellite, terrestrial and IPTV. Collected data are represented as a table and graph for the period from 1996 to 2020.
Journal Article
If Advertising Won't Die, What Will It Be? Toward a Working Definition of Advertising
Answering recent calls for a new definition of advertising, we identify three dynamics-(new) media and formats, (new) \"consumer\" behaviors, and extended effects of advertising-that drive the evolution of advertising. Based on these, and a survey of advertising academics and professionals, we formulate an updated working definition of advertising as \"brand-initiated communication intent on impacting people.\" We also test and validate this definition and the three dynamics in a content analysis of recently published advertising research (2010 to 2015). In doing so, we hope to contribute to a more diverse and contemporary development of advertising research.
Journal Article
What is precarious employment? A systematic review of definitions and operationalizations from quantitative and qualitative studies
Objectives The lack of a common definition for precarious employment (PE) severely hampers the comparison of studies within and between countries, consequently reducing the applicability of research findings. We carried out a systematic review to summarize how PE has been conceptualized and implemented in research and identify the construct's dimensions in order to facilitate guidance on its operationalization. Methods According to PRISMA guidelines, we searched Web of Science and Scopus for publications with variations of PE in the title or abstract. The search returned 1225 unique entries, which were screened for eligibility. Exclusion criteria were (i) language other than English, (ii) lack of a definition for PE, and (iii) non-original research. A total of 63 full-text articles were included and qualitative thematic-analysis was performed in order to identify dimensions of PE. Results We identified several theory-based definitions of PE developed by previous researchers. Most definitions and operationalizations were either an accommodation to available data or the direct result of qualitative studies identifying themes of PE. The thematic-analysis of the selected articles resulted in a multidimensional construct including the following three dimensions: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, and lack of rights and protection. Conclusions Despite a growing number of studies on PE, most fail to clearly define the concept, severely restricting the advancement of the research of PE as a social determinant of health. Our combined theoretical and empirical review suggests that a common multidimensional definition could be developed and deployed in different labor market contexts using a variety of methodological approaches.
Journal Article
Stakeholder Theory Classification: A Theoretical and Empirical Evaluation of Definitions
Stakeholder theory is widely accepted but elementary aspects remain indeterminate as the term 'stakeholder' is an essentially contested concept (Miles, J Bus Ethics 108:285-298, 2012; Mitchell, Organ Stud 33:1407-1411, 2012), being variously describable, internally complex and open in character (Gallie, Proc Aristot Soc 56:167-198, 1956). Such contestability is highly problematic for theory development and empirical testing. The extent of essential contestability, previously unknown, is demonstrated in this paper through a bounded systematic review of 593 different stakeholder theory definitions. As an essentially contested concept, the solution does not lie in a universal stakeholder definition, but in debating the boundaries of stakeholder identification. To this end, this paper presents the first major attempt at sorting, filtering and ordering stakeholder theory and stakeholder definitions to produce a comprehensive, multi-dimensional classification of stakeholder theory. The constructs of the classification model juxtapose existing stakeholder theories and contributions from across the multicontextual applications of stakeholder theory, thereby providing an invaluable overview of what we know about stakeholder theory in one model. The classification model is then tested with positive results. The paper concludes with a comprehensive discussion of the implications of classification stakeholder theory definitions, which has for future research.
Journal Article
The use of ESG scores in academic literature: a systematic literature review
Purpose
Environmental, social and governance (ESG) scores are becoming increasingly relevant in academic literature and the corporate world. This is partly because the themes covered by ESG scores are intended to resolve multiple major social and environmental issues. However, there is little consensus among academics about the definition of ESG scores and their measures. Many scholars have used ESG scores to represent various issues. The purpose of this study is to gather all definitions that were used by scholar when using ESG scores in their research.
Design/methodology/approach
This systematic literature review aims to identify how ESG scores are presented in the academic literature. A total of 4,145 articles were identified, of which 342 articles from influential peer-reviewed journals were retained.
Findings
In the articles, five different thematic definitions emerged in terms of how scholars have used ESG scores in their research: sustainability, corporate social responsibility, disclosure, finance and the analysis of ESG scores. Although some definitions are consistent with the methodologies of the agencies that produce ESG scores, others raise further questions. Caution is required when using ESG scores as a metric. They represent financial adjusted risk-return for some and are used to express business sustainability for others.
Research limitations/implications
Only top-ranked journals were analyzed. In addition, only the key terms “ESG Score” and “ESG Scores” were used to gather all research papers.
Practical implications
Researchers could improve the accuracy of their results by developing specific methodologies that are closely related to the issues intended to be measured. The underlying variables composing the ESG scores could be used instead of the final score for more accurate environmental or social issues measurements.
Originality/value
This research shows that scholars use ESG scores to represent multiple issues that are not always captured by ESG scores’ official methodologies. ESG scores can express the overall performance of environmental and social issues, but they cannot be used to track specific underlying issues.
Journal Article
Financial Literacy Explicated: The Case for a Clearer Definition in an Increasingly Complex Economy
This study explicates the concept of financial literacy, which has blossomed in use this century. Scholars, policy officials, financial experts and consumer advocates have used the phrase loosely to describe the knowledge, skills, confidence and motivation necessary to effectively manage money. As a result, financial literacy has varying conceptual definitions in existing research, as well as diverse operational definitions and values. This study dissects the differing financial literacy definitions and measures, urging researchers toward common ground. A clearer definition should improve future research, in turn helping consumers better understand and adapt to changing life events and an increasingly complex economy.
Journal Article