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The study is devoted to the determination of the assessment of the state and the resolution of demographic security trends in Ukraine according to the methodology, its comparison with integral threshold values, and the determination of the most significant threats in this area from the standpoint of economic security. The article identifies the level of demographic protection in Ukraine according to modern methodology, compares it with integral threshold values, and identifies the most significant threats in this area from the social security standpoint. The list of indicators of demographic security is highlighted, which may change depending on the depth and tasks of the research. Therefore, each indicator is assigned a threshold value. In particular, the dynamics of the indicator change (positive/negative), which makes it possible to compare them on the same scale to identify threats. Retrospective analysis and assessment of the current state of Ukraine's demographic security confirms its critical level during the studied period of Ukraine, particularly the war unleashed by russia. This situation creates a significant threat to national security. Based on this, the conclusions were made that the current trends in the population change, taking into account the military situation in Ukraine, indicate a significant decrease in the rate of its growth; in Ukraine, there was a process of substantial deterioration of natural population growth indicators; since 2010, a steady trend towards an increase in the share of the elderly population in the total population has formed in Ukraine; the scale of the migration inflow is insignificant and according to the criteria of economic security corresponds to an unsatisfactory level of migration growth of the population. As a result, the most critical threats are outlined, and practical recommendations are given to the leadership of Ukraine to eliminate existing problems in the demographic sphere, namely the importance of applying systemic mechanisms aimed at increasing the standard of living of the population, increasing the number of jobs in the state, and increasing birth rates.

The paper is devoted to identifying the level of social safety of society, taking into account the indicators of shadow economy, and developing its strategic scenarios as a component of sustainable development of Ukraine by 2030. The authors used the modern methods of normalisation, threshold vector determination, and dynamic weight coefficients in order to identify the level of social safety of society. The authors developed the structure and a list of indicators considering three components of social safety: The standard of living, the demographic component, and the quality of life. This method allows determining the list and severity of threats, comparing the dynamics of integral indices with integral thresholds in one scale, identifying the state of security, and defining strategic goals and strategies. The suggested approach is universal and can be used by any country, region, economic activity, or business to develop evidence-based medium-to-long-term sustainable development scenarios.

The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of demographic potential, its relationship with demographic security, as well as to analyze the influence, including environmental processes on the components of demographic potential. The work methodically substantiates the selection of indicators for calculating demographic potential and demographic security. In accordance with this, integrated indices of demographic potential were calculated for the EAEU countries. In general, the demographic potential for the EAEU countries according to their indices can be assessed as follows: 1. Kazakhstan (5.75); 2. Kyrgyzstan (5.51); 3. Belarus (5.07); 4. Armenia (4.86). 5. Russian Federation (4.06). The analysis showed that each country has the potential for its further development by improving the indicators included in the integral index. As a result, the presented methodological approaches made it possible to calculate integral indices to determine the position of each EAEU country in terms of demographic potential, determine the indicator of demographic security in Kyrgyzstan, and link the processes of external migration from Kyrgyzstan with the shortage of water resources in the country. The methodology we presented for determining the state of demographic potential and demographic security allows us to carry out calculations of this phenomenon for any country.

The review-and-analytical article deals with the interrelation between demographic transition and national security. The focus is on the countries of the former Soviet Union. It proves that along with two traditional approaches of population policy, i.e. prevention and overcoming of negative consequences of demographic transition, measures of adjustment to demographic change are acquiring increasing importance.

Japan is aging and has the highest government debt-to-output ratio among advanced economies. In this article, we build a micro data-based, large-scale overlapping generations model for Japan in which individuals differ in age, gender, employment type, income, and asset holdings, and incorporate the Japanese pension rules. Using existing pension law, current fiscal policy, and medium variants of demographic projections, we produce future paths for government expenditures and tax revenues, with implications for government debt and the public pension fund. Additional pension reform, a higher consumption tax, and higher female labor force participation help achieve fiscal stability.

The discussion on the optimality of the currently existing structure of the subjects of the Russian Federation is illustrating the contradictions that have been accumulated in the dominion form of government of our country in recent years. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impact of past enlargements, which are considered as a part of the process called modernization of the country as a whole. A system of criteria for the process of consolidating and enlarging the regions was elaborated. The main criterion proposed is the quality of life in the enlarged regions. Diagnostics of the state, as well as the estimated dynamics of the socio-demographic security of the individual subjects of the Russian Federation, members of the Siberian Federal District in the period 2000-2009, was done. An integrated assessment of the socio-demographic security in the discussed subjects on the basis of estimates was obtained for the six indicative blocks: reproduction of the population, health status, level of life and material well-being of the population, quality of life, migration flows and indicators of age-sex and marriage-family structure.

Purpose – The article is aimed at evaluation of the patterns of demographic processes development in terms of their impact on shaping the level of countries’ economic security. Research methodology – The study is based on a multidimensional estimation technique, which proposes the development of an integral indicator of the demographic component of countries’ economic security. Stochastic research methods, in particular the t-test method, were used to identify and justify different hazard zones. Findings – On the basis of the formed sample of the countries, the integral indices of the level of the demographic component of countries’ economic security for the period of 2000–2018 were calculated. The thresholds of demographic security indicators were identified and reasoned; the countries’ security risks by demographic indicators were assessed; systematisation of countries according to the level of the demographic component of security was provided. Research limitations – It is proposed to include ten indicators in the structure of the index of the demographic component of economic security; these indicators characterise different aspects of the demographic processes development. However, this is not a complete list of possible valuation indicators. This determines the necessity of further studies in terms of justifying the advisability of including various parameters and assessing the degree of their importance in the structure of the demographic security index. Practical implications – The practical value of the results of the comprehensive analysis of the demographic processes development in the system of ensuring countries’ economic security is the possibility of identifying real or potential threats to the sustainable social and economic development of countries and regions of the world. Originality/Value – The authors’ improved methodology for assessing the level of economic security based on the demographic component consideration, taking into account the system of proposed indices, allows to assess the level of security, to monitor its changes and to identify factors that pose risks not only for one country but also for groups of countries both in regional dimension and in terms of the level of their development.

The social sphere plays an important role in the socio-economic development of the developed countries. The achievement of a high level of education, healthcare, science and culture promotes the economic growth and welfare of the population. Recently, however, the Russian researchers do not pay sufficient attention to the new models of the social services. In this regard, the research of the efficiency of healthcare as a major branch of the social sphere is relevant. Under the conditions of deteriorating socio-demographic situation in Russia, an important component ensuring economic security at the level of the country and regions is the preservation of human potential. This challenge is possible to address, on the one hand, due to an increase in spending on healthcare. On the other hand, it is possible due to progressive transformations of the medical care. Such transformations will increase in return of financial investments and the effectiveness of healthcare services. The purpose of the study is to create an assessment model of healthcare performance as well as of the efficiency of financial investments in the healthcare services using the methods of statistical, system and multivariate analysis as well as economic and mathematical modelling. We define the multicriteria character of the efficiency in healthcare connected with multiple cost-benefit ratios while achieving medical, social, economic effects. We propose a multi-factor dynamic model, integrated indicator of performance, and integral indicator of cost-effectiveness. To test the model, we chose one of the priority directions of the healthcare development — fight against tuberculosis, as it is a threat for socio-demographic and economic security of a region. We have assessed the efficiency of funding and performance indicators on the example of tuberculosis service of the Sverdlovsk region. We have received a positive dynamics of medico-demographic indicators as well as a high economic effect. We have proved the possibility to increase the socio-demographic and economic security of a region achieving medical, social and economic efficiency in the healthcare. This contributes to the preservation of human and labour potential, as well as economic growth. The results of the research can be applied in the healthcare system to adequately assess the performance of medical organizations taking into account the specificity of diseases and the efficiency of financial investments as well as the contribution to the socio-demographic and economic security of а region.

The discussion on the optimality of the currently existing structure of the subjects of the Russian Federation is illustrating the contradictions that have been accumulated in the dominion form of government of our country in recent years. In this paper, we attempt to assess the impact of past enlargements, which are considered as a part of the process called modernization of the country as a whole. A system of criteria for the process of consolidating and enlarging the regions was elaborated. The main criterion proposed is the quality of life in the enlarged regions. Diagnostics of the state, as well as the estimated dynamics of the socio-demographic security of the individual subjects of the Russian Federation, members of the Siberian Federal District in the period 2000-2009, was done. An integrated assessment of the socio-demographic security in the discussed subjects on the basis of estimates was obtained for the six indicative blocks: reproduction of the population, health status, level of life and material well-being of the population, quality of life, migration flows and indicators of age-sex and marriage-family structure.

Background Population aging poses a demographic burden on a country such as India with inadequate social security systems and very low public investment in health sector. This challenge of accelerated demographic transition is coupled by the rural-urban disparity in access to healthcare services among the elderly people in India. An important objective of India’s National Health Policy (2017) is to “progressively achieve universal health coverage” which is posited upon mitigating the sub-national disparity that necessitates identifying the drivers of the disparity for targeted policy intervention. This study, therefore, makes an attempt towards the exploration of the prominent contributory factors behind the rural-urban gap in utilisation of healthcare among the older population in India. Methods The analysis has been done by using the unit level data of Social Consumption: Health (Schedule number 25.0) of the 75th round of the National sample Survey conducted during July 2017–June 2018. Two binary logistic models have been proposed to capture the crude and the adjusted association between health seeking behaviour and place of residence (rural/ urban). To compute the group differences (between rural and urban) in the rate of healthcare utilization among the elderly population in India and to decompose these differences into the major contributing factors, Fairlie’s decomposition method has been employed. Results The logistic regression models established a strong association between place of residence and likelihood of healthcare utilisation among the Indian elderly people. The results of the Fairlie’s decomposition analysis revealed considerable rural-urban inequality disfavouring the rural residents and health care utilisation was found to be 7 percentage points higher among the older population residing in urban India than their rural counterparts. Level of education and economic status, both of which are indicators of a person’s Socio-Economic Status, were the two major determinants of the existing rural-urban differential in healthcare utilisation, together explaining 41% of the existing rural-urban differential. Conclusion Public health care provisions need to be strengthened both in terms of quality and outreach by way of greater public investments in the health sector and by building advanced health infrastructure in the rural areas. Implementation of poverty alleviation programmes and ensuring social-security of the elderly are also indispensable in bringing about equity in healthcare utilisation.