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The study of anxiety, particularly its relationship to sociodemographic variables, has been fruitful in sport psychology research. This study aims to determine the comparison of athletes' anxiety with the variables of gender differences and the type of sport played (individual/group). The application of structural equation modeling has been carried out on 80 Indonesian athletes. Ofthis number, 40 (50%) are female athletes and 40 (50%) are male athletes. They compete in a variety of individual sports (swimming, rock climbing; 50%) and team sports (basketball, volleyball; 50%). Athletes' ages ranged from 20-25 years (M = 22 years; SD = 4.99). After testing the measurement invariance of the first-and second-order models, across gender and sport type (individual vs. team), latent mean comparisons were investigated and statistics were calculated to obtain appropriate effect sizes. Significant differences were detected between male and female athletes as well as between individual and team sports. Female and individual sports athletes have higher levels of general sports anxiety. The results of this study provide evidence that anxiety is assessed differently by athletes based on gender and type of sport.. El estudio de la ansiedad, especialmente su relación con variables sociodemográficas, ha sido ampliamente realizado en la investigación en psicología del deporte. El objetivo de este estudio era comparar la ansiedad de los deportistas con las diferencias de género y las variables del tipo de deporte (individual/grupal). Se aplicó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales a 80 atletas indonesios. De ellos, 40 (50%) eran mujeres y 40 (50%) hombres. Los atletas competían en varios deportes individuales (natación, escalada; 50%) y de equipo (baloncesto, voleibol; 50%). La edad de los deportistas oscilaba entre los 20 y los 25 años (M = 22 años; DE = 4,99). Tras comprobar la invarianza de medida de los modelos de primer y segundo orden entre género y tipo dedeporte (individual y de equipo), se exploraron las comparaciones de medias latentes y se calcularon los estadísticos de Cohen Day 1988 para obtener los tamaños del efecto correspondientes (Kline, 2016). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre deportistas masculinos y femeninos y también entre deportes individuales y de equipo. Las mujeres y los deportistas individuales presentaron mayores niveles de ansiedad deportiva. Los resultados de este estudio aportan pruebas de que la ansiedad es evaluada de forma diferente por los deportistas en función del género y del tipo de deporte.

Introduction: A better understanding of Para Athletics throwers (PAT) training practices is in line with the development and optimization of their training programs, able to produce peak performances across varying competitive levels. Objective: Investigate the PAT training practices. Methodology: Male (n=42) and female (n=18) PAT completed an online questionnaire regarding descriptive characteristics (e.g., age, height, weight, throwing event) and training practices (e.g., experience, duration, frequency, strength and conditioning). PAT were classified into world-class, international, national, or developmental level, and thereafter re-classified (to increase statistical power, i.e., Mann-Whitney U test) into world/international or national/developmental. Results: Most males (92.86%) and all females performed strength and conditioning at the gym, with no differences in gym training frequency between sexes (p=0.221). World-class PAT had significantly more years of experience compared to other levels (p<0.001), though there were no differences in the frequency (p=0.400) or duration (p=0.502) of throwing sessions. Males trained for longer session durations than females (p=0.001), while training frequency did not differ between them (p=0.075). Conclusions: While elite athletes had greater training experience compared to lower-competitive levels, there were no differences in training frequency or duration across competitive levels. However, when comparing sexes, males generally trained for longer durations per session than females, but training frequency did not differ between them. Most training characteristics, including strength and conditioning practices and throwing training, were similar between sexes and across competitive levels. These findings emphasize the need for individualized training programs to optimize PAT performance.

Background/Objective. Different studies have investigated blind 5-a-side football through quantitative and qualitative studies, seeking to identify the factors that influence the practice of this sport. However, to date, no exploratory review has been reported that identifies research trends on blind 5-a-side football. The aim was to provide an overview of the research area on blind 5-a-side football to identify trends and research gaps in this topic. Materials and methods. Research was conducted through the following databases: Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Finally, a total of 85 documents were included. Analyses were performed using the R program Bibliometrix, considering the occurrence of authors, keywords, institutional affiliations, countries and journals. Results. Quantitative studies are prevalent (84.70%) versus qualitative studies (12.94%) and mixed designs (2.35%). Most studies focus on injury studies, body composition, and to a lesser extent, on the analysis of external load in competition and the study of technical-tactical variables. The most prolific author is Gamonales, J.M., with 10 studies reported in Scopus. Brazil and Spain are the most productive countries, with English being the predominant language. The journal with the largest number of published documents is Retos. the most frequently cited concepts are humans, young adults, and injuries. Conclusions. The analysis of scientific production on blind 5-a-side football reveals the need for more studies in other areas that have been less explored, including studies on technical, psychological, and psychosocial variables. Ultimately, this could result in a greater impact and reach of blind 5-a-side football in various contexts, allowing for a deeper understanding of the relationship between different performance factors. Antecedentes/Objetivo. Diferentes estudios han investigado el fútbol 5 para ciegos a través de estudios cuantitativos y cualitativos, buscando identificar los factores que influyen en la práctica de este deporte. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, no se ha publicado ninguna revisión exploratoria que identifique las tendencias de la investigación sobre el fútbol 5 para ciegos. El objetivo fue proporcionar una visión general del área de investigación sobre el fútbol 5 para ciegos para identificar las tendencias y las lagunas de investigación en este tema. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se llevó a cabo a través de las siguientes bases de datos: Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect y Google Scholar. Finalmente, se incluyeron un total de 85 documentos. Los análisis se realizaron utilizando el programa R Bibliometrix, considerando la ocurrencia de autores, palabras clave, afiliaciones institucionales, países y revistas. Resultados. Predominan los estudios cuantitativos (84,70%) frente a los cualitativos (12,94%) y los diseños mixtos (2,35%). La mayoría de los estudios se centran en el estudio de las lesiones, la composición corporal y, en menor medida, en el análisis de la carga externa en competición y el estudio de variables técnico-tácticas. El autor más prolífico es Gamonales, J.M., con 10 estudios reportados en Scopus. Brasil y España son los países más productivos, siendo el inglés el idioma predominante. La revista con mayor número de documentos publicados es Retos. Los conceptos más citados son humanos, adultos jóvenes y lesiones. Conclusiones. El análisis de la producción científica sobre el fútbol 5 para ciegos revela la necesidad de más estudios en otras áreas que han sido menos exploradas, incluyendo estudios sobre variables técnicas, psicológicas y psicosociales. En última instancia, esto podría resultar en un mayor impacto y alcance del fútbol 5 para ciegos en diferentes contextos para comprender la relación entre los diferentes factores de rendimiento. Contexto/Objectivo. Vários estudos investigaram o futebol de 5 para cegos através de estudos quantitativos e qualitativos, procurando identificar os fatores que influenciam a prática deste desporto. No entanto, até à data, não foi publicada nenhuma revisão exploratória que identifique tendências de investigação sobre futebol de 5 para cegos. O objetivo foi fornecer uma visão geral da área de investigação sobre o futebol de 5 para cegos para identificar tendências e lacunas de investigação sobre o tema.Materiais e métodos. A pesquisa foi conduzida utilizando as seguintes bases de dados: Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect e Google Scholar. Um total de 85 documentos foram incluídos. As análises foram realizadas com recurso ao programa R Bibliometrix, considerando a presença de autores, palavras-chave, afiliações institucionais, países e revistas.Resultados. Predominaram os estudos quantitativos (84,70%) sobre os estudos qualitativos (12,94%) e os desenhos mistos (2,35%). A maioria dos estudos centra-se nas lesões, na composição corporal e, em menor grau, na análise da carga externa em competição e no estudo de variáveis ​​técnicas e táticas. O autor mais prolífico é Gamonales, J.M., com 10 estudos reportados na Scopus. O Brasil e a Espanha são os países mais produtivos, sendo o inglês a língua predominante. O periódico com maior número de documentos publicados é o Retos. Os conceitos mais referidos são os seres humanos, os jovens adultos e as lesões.Conclusões. A análise da produção científica sobre o futebol de 5 para cegos revela a necessidade de mais estudos noutras áreas menos exploradas, incluindo estudos sobre variáveis ​​técnicas, psicológicas e psicossociais. Em última análise, isto pode resultar num maior impacto e alcance do futebol de 5 para cegos em diferentes contextos para compreender a relação entre diferentes factores de desempenho.

El conjunto de artículos que compone este dossier ilustra la vitalidad y la diversidad de la historiografía contemporánea del deporte en América Latina, evidenciando no solo la ampliación temática del campo, sino también el uso creciente de métodos y perspectivas que articulan historia cultural, historia social, etnografía histórica y enfoques transnacionales. Los trabajos aquí reunidos recorren cronologías amplias —desde el siglo XIX hasta las últimas décadas del siglo XX— y se detienen en prácticas deportivas diversas, cuyo análisis permite comprender procesos más amplios de modernización, circulación de saberes, disputas políticas, reconfiguraciones urbanas y transformaciones corporales. Tomados en conjunto, los artículos revelan un campo historiográfico en plena expansión, atento a las conexiones transfronterizas, a las disputas simbólicas y a las múltiples escalas —locales, regionales, nacionales y globales— en las que el deporte opera como práctica cultural, política y corporal. Al iluminar historias poco conocidas o deliberadamente silenciadas, este dossier reafirma el potencial de los estudios históricos del deporte para comprender América Latina en sus tensiones, circulaciones y pluralidades.

This study aims to compare the effects of short-versus long-interval training (IT) protocols on physical fitness and enjoyment levels in young soccer players. Twenty-four male soccer players in the under-15 category (aged 14 to 15 years) participatedin this study. The training protocols lasted seven weeks, with training sessions held twice a week (Tuesdays and Thursdays), and assessments conducted pre-and post-training. Evaluations included the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test, Bipodal Horizontal Jump, and Unipodal Horizontal Jump. The long-interval training protocol consisted of three sets of three minutes at 80-90% of the final speed reached in the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (vIFT). The short-interval protocol consisted of three sets of three minutes, with 20 seconds of action followed by 10 seconds of passive recovery, totaling three minutes, at 100-110% of vIFT. Both protocols included a passive recovery period of 1 minute and 30 seconds between sets. Sessions were conducted after the team's regular game-based training. At the beginning of week five, the 30-15 IFT was repeated to adjust training session intensity. During all training sessions, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE 0-10) and session duration (minutes) were recorded, allowing for the calculation of internal load, monotony, and strain indices. At the end of the training period, players completed the Feeling Scale, a questionnaire measuring enjoyment of both short and long IT. Results showed that both short and long IT protocols increased distance in the bipodal horizontal jump, the unipodal horizontal jump on the right leg, and vIFT. Only short IT improved performance in the unipodal jump on the left leg, with no significant differences between groups. Internal load, monotony, and strain showed no differences between the IT protocols. However, the short IT group reported higher enjoyment compared to the long IT group. In conclusion, both training programs improved aerobic fitness and horizontal jump performance, but players who underwent short IT reported greater enjoyment. Este estudo tem como objetivo comparar os efeitos de protocolos de treinamento intervalado (TI) curto vs. longo sobre a aptidão física e as percepções de prazer pela prática em jovens jogadores de futebol. Vinte e quatro jogadores de futebol do sexo masculino da categoria sub-15 (idade entre 14 e 15 anos) participaram da pesquisa. Os protocolos de treinamento tiveram duração de 7semanas, com frequência semanal de treinos de duas vezes (terça e quinta feira), sendo realizado dois períodos de avaliação (pré e pós-treino). As avaliações realizadas foram: 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test, Salto Horizontal Bipodal e Unipodal. O protocolo de treinamento intervalado longo foi composto por 3 séries de 3 minutos com intensidade variando de 80-90% da velocidade final atingida 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (vIFT). Já o protocolo de treinamento intervalado curto foi composto por 3 séries de 3 minutos, sendo 20 segundos de ação por 10 segundos de recuperação, até totalizar 3 minutos, com intensidade variando de 100-110%da vIFT. Entre cada série, em ambos os protocolos, foi realizada uma recuperação passiva de 1 minuto e 30 segundos. As sessões foram realizadas sempre após a sessão de treinamento habitual da equipe (baseada em jogos). No início da quinta semana foi reaplicado o teste 30-15 IFT para ajuste da intensidade das sessões. Em todas as sessões de treinamento de ambos os grupos foram registradas a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE 0-10) e o tempo da sessão (minutos). A partir disso foram calculados os índices decarga interna, monotonia e tensão (strain). Ao final da aplicação do treinamento, foi aplicado a Escala de Sentimento, um questionário que analisa o nível de prazer dos jogadores ao realizarem ambos os treinamentos (TI curto e TI longo). O principal achado foi que ambos os protocolos de TI curto e longo aumentaram a distância no salto horizontal bipodal, unipodal na perna direira e a vIFT. Apenas o TI curto aumentou o salto horizontal unipodal na perna esquerda, porém, sem diferença entre os grupos. Não foram verificadas diferenças na carga interna, monotonia e tensão entre os protolocos de TI. Contudo, o grupo de TI curto obteve maior prazer pela prática em comparação ao grupo TI longo. Em conclusão, ambos os programas de treinamento melhoraram a aptidão aeróbia e do desempenho no salto horizontal, porém, o grupo que realizou o TI curto obteve maior prazer pela prática. Este estudio tiene como objetivo comparar los efectos de protocolos de entrenamiento intervalado (EI) corto vs. largo sobre la aptitud física y las percepciones de placer en la práctica en jóvenes jugadores de fútbol. Participaron en la investigación veinticuatro jugadores de fútbol masculinos de la categoría sub-15 (edad entre 14 y 15 años). Los protocolos de entrenamiento tuvieron una duración de 7semanas, con una frecuencia semanal de entrenamientos de dos veces (martes y jueves), realizándose dos períodos de evaluación (pre y post-entrenamiento). Las evaluaciones realizadas fueron: 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test, salto horizontal bipodal y unipodal. El protocolo de entrenamiento intervalado largo consistió en 3 series de 3 minutos con intensidad variando entre el 80-90% de la velocidad final alcanzada en el 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (vIFT). En cuanto al protocolo de entrenamiento intervalado corto, consistió en 3 series de 3 minutos, alternando 20 segundos de acción por 10 segundos de recuperación hasta totalizar 3 minutos, con intensidad variando entre el 100-110% de la vIFT. Entre cada serie, en ambos protocolos, se realizó una recuperación pasiva de 1 minuto y 30 segundos. Las sesiones se realizaron siempre después de la sesión de entrenamiento habitual del equipo (basada en juegos). Al inicio de la quinta semana, se reaplicó el test 30-15 IFT para ajustar la intensidad de las sesiones. Entodas las sesiones de entrenamiento de ambos grupos, se registraron la percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo (PSE 0-10) y la duración de la sesión (minutos). A partir de estos datos, se calcularon los índices de carga interna, monotonía y tensión (strain). Al finalizar la aplicación del entrenamiento, se aplicó la Escala de Sentimiento, un cuestionario que analiza el nivel de placer de los jugadores al realizar ambos entrenamientos (EI corto y EI largo). El principal hallazgo fue que ambos protocolos de EI corto y largo incrementaron la distancia en el salto horizontal bipodal, unipodal en la pierna derecha y la vIFT. Solo el EI corto aumentó el salto horizontal unipodal en la pierna izquierda, sin diferencias significativas entre los grupos. No se verificaron diferencias en la carga interna, monotonía y tensión entre los protocolos de EI. Sin embargo, el grupo de EI corto obtuvo mayor placer en la práctica en comparación con el grupo de EI largo. En conclusión, ambos programas de entrenamiento mejoraron la aptitud aeróbica y el rendimiento en el salto horizontal; sin embargo, el grupo que realizó el EI corto experimentó un mayor placer en la práctica.

This study aimed to identify how relationships are established in the development of swimming in a Brazilian sports entity, and hypothesized the existence of a structural dynamics sustained by hidden mechanisms of domination. The research consisted of a case study and the sample was a Brazilian sports entity in swimming, chosen from the analysis of the national classification in the period 2013-2018. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with two managers, two athletes and two coaches of the entity. The study had the following analytical categories: structured relationship between performance and participatory sports; coach influence on athlete development; financial support; sports facilities that provide good training conditions; club strategic planning; organization of a public policy framework for sport; political and sports structure; sports talent identification. After systematizing the data, these were analyzed together with Pierre Bourdieu's sociological theory. From the analyzed case, one can confirm the hypothesis that swimming has a relative social distinction in the Brazilian sports sphere, as links hidden mechanisms of domination in a structural way in its management, such as the different positions held in the specific subfield, the principle of capital differentiation, as well as the importance of raising public funds and the symbolic power of the entity.

Background Mental health issues are becoming increasingly prevalent among elite athletes, and during the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, this issue became a pressing concern. In particular, several athletes complained about their mental health in relation to the highly demanding demands of their sport. High-performance swimming exposes athletes to a variety of stressors due to the physical, technical and mental demands of the sport. The study has carried out a narrative review of the main variables related to mental health, their dimensions and evaluations in competitive swimmers. Methods Clearly planned and ordered potential studies were identified using combined search methods. The search was carried out in different bibliographic databases (Dialnet, Web of Science and Scopus) between 1990 and 2023. Google Scholar was used to manually search the reference lists of the retrieved studies to identify potentially eligible studies that were not included in the electronic searches. The studies were examined from three different perspectives. Firstly, the methodology, sample, swimming categories and their relationship with mental health were analysed. Secondly, the variables related to mental health symptoms and disorders. Finally, the main mental health analysis tools and the conclusions of the studies. Results The concept of mental health in competitive swimmers needs to be clarified in the scientific literature, as different variables have been analysed and multiple instruments have been used with small samples of swimmers, without any intervention and prevention protocol. In addition, the bodies and institutions involved should work in an interdisciplinary and collaborative manner, establishing specific programmes to ensure effective prevention and care. Conclusions Studies are needed to fill this gap and it is necessary to work under the same consensus and in collaboration with specified technical teams. In order to monitor, evaluate and provide services through detection tests and support to swimmers in their training and competitions.

Introduction: artificial intelligence (AI) is a constant presence in elite sports training today, enabling performance analysis, personalized training, and injury prevention. The transfer of these innovative technologies to school sports, although still at an early and insufficiently documented stage, has started to gain visibility. Objective: the article aims to analyze the presence of artificial intelligence in elite sports training and explore the prospects for integrating these technologies into school sports. Methodology: A systematic review of recent literature from the main scientific databases was conducted, together with a detailed analysis of practical applications of artificial intelligence in elite sports training. Results: AI use in elite sports is reflected in advanced systems for performance analysis and optimization. Although its implementation in school sports is currently limited by high costs and insufficient infrastructure, real opportunities exist for integrating similar technological solutions tailored to the specific needs and possibilities of schools. Discussion: results suggest a significant potential for transferring AI technologies to school sports, provided that clear educational policies and investments are implemented. Conclusions: the gradual and adapted integration of artificial intelligence in school sports can significantly modernize physical education and enhance the quality of sports training in schools. Introducción: La inteligencia artificial (IA) es una presencia constante en el entrenamiento deportivo de élite actual, facilitando el análisis del rendimiento, la personalización del entrenamiento y la prevención de lesiones. La transferencia de estas tecnologías innovadoras al desarrollo escolar, aunque se encuentra en una etapa inicial y poco documentada, ha comenzado a ganar visibilidad. Objetivo: El artículo busca analizar la presencia de la inteligencia artificial en el entrenamiento deportivo de élite y explorar las perspectivas para su integración en el deporte escolar. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura reciente en las principales bases de datos científicas, junto con un análisis detallado de las aplicaciones prácticas de la inteligencia artificial en el entrenamiento deportivo de élite. Resultados: El uso de la IA en el deporte de élite se refleja en sistemas avanzados para el análisis y la optimización del rendimiento deportivo. Si bien su implementación en el deporte escolar está actualmente limitada por los altos costos y la infraestructura insuficiente, existen oportunidades reales para integrar soluciones tecnológicas similares adaptadas a las necesidades y posibilidades específicas de los centros educativos. Discusión: Los resultados sugieren un potencial significativo para la transferencia de tecnologías de IA al deporte escolar, condicionado a la implementación de políticas educativas claras e inversiones específicas. Conclusiones: la integración gradual y adaptada de la inteligencia artificial en el deporte escolar puede contribuir significativamente a la modernización de la educación física y mejorar la calidad del entrenamiento deportivo en las escuelas. Introdução: A inteligência artificial (IA) é uma presença constante no treino desportivo de elite atual, facilitando a análise de desempenho, a personalização do treino e a prevenção de lesões. A transferência destas tecnologias inovadoras para o desenvolvimento escolar, embora ainda em fases iniciais e pouco documentadas, começa a ganhar visibilidade. Objectivo: Este artigo procura analisar a presença da inteligência artificial no treino desportivo de elite e explorar as perspectivas da sua integração no desporto escolar. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura recente em importantes bases de dados científicas, juntamente com uma análise detalhada das aplicações práticas da inteligência artificial no treino desportivo de elite. Resultados: A utilização da IA ​​no desporto de elite reflete-se em sistemas avançados de análise e otimização do desempenho atlético. Embora a sua implementação no desporto escolar seja actualmente limitada por custos elevados e infra-estruturas insuficientes, existem oportunidades reais para integrar soluções tecnológicas semelhantes, adaptadas às necessidades e capacidades específicas dos centros educativos. Discussão: Os resultados sugerem um potencial significativo para a transferência de tecnologias de IA para o desporto escolar, sujeito à implementação de políticas educativas claras e investimentos direcionados. Conclusões: A integração gradual e personalizada da inteligência artificial no desporto escolar pode contribuir significativamente para a modernização da educação física e melhorar a qualidade do treino desportivo nas escolas.

There is great concern in the field of public health and sports ethics about how doping and gene doping are transforming athletes. This systematic review aims to analyze the current state of research on the contribution of biotechnology to sport and how this affects the health of athletes, bodybuilders, and high-intensity exercisers. The search includes articles published between 2014 and 2024; for this, databases without language restriction were used, finding 93 articles in the first search; finally, a total of 8 studies were selected in terms of the methodological process through the variables: biotechnology, sport, doping, and health. Studies on biotechnology and sports show that athletes continue to use substances to increase physical performance, and bodybuilders use them to improve size and aesthetic appearance.

Presentatio of the Dossier \"Perspectivies on Brazilian Sport\".