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Near or far?
\"Near and far are important concepts to understand--who doesn't want to know if a shark is near or far? This colorful volume is an enjoyable exploration of this pair of opposites. It invites beginning readers to practice using these terms in relation to familiar and fun scenarios in the real world. They'll spot near and faraway elephants, sharks, birds, and boats in the lively photographs accompanying the achievable text.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Hydrologic regulation of plant rooting depth
Plant rooting depth affects ecosystem resilience to environmental stress such as drought. Deep roots connect deep soil/groundwater to the atmosphere, thus influencing the hydrologic cycle and climate. Deep roots enhance bedrock weathering, thus regulating the long-term carbon cycle. However, we know little about how deep roots go and why. Here, we present a global synthesis of 2,200 root observations of >1,000 species along biotic (life form, genus) and abiotic (precipitation, soil, drainage) gradients. Results reveal strong sensitivities of rooting depth to local soil water profiles determined by precipitation infiltration depth from the top (reflecting climate and soil), and groundwater table depth from below (reflecting topography-driven land drainage). In well-drained uplands, rooting depth follows infiltration depth; in waterlogged lowlands, roots stay shallow, avoiding oxygen stress below the water table; in between, high productivity and drought can send roots many meters down to the groundwater capillary fringe. This framework explains the contrasting rooting depths observed under the same climate for the same species but at distinct topographic positions. We assess the global significance of these hydrologic mechanisms by estimating root water-uptake depths using an inverse model, based on observed productivity and atmosphere, at 30″ (∼1-km) global grids to capture the topography critical to soil hydrology. The resulting patterns of plant rooting depth bear a strong topographic and hydrologic signature at landscape to global scales. They underscore a fundamental plant–water feedback pathway that may be critical to understanding plant-mediated global change.
Journal Article
El Niño's warmth devastating reefs worldwide
Recent aerial surveys of Australia's Great Barrier Reef find massive coral bleaching. Even as recently as early March, Australian coral reef scientists still hoped that the legendary Great Barrier Reef (GBR) would get off lightly in the current El Niño, the climate phenomenon that brings unusually warm water to the equatorial Pacific, stressing and often killing corals. No such luck. On 20 March, the GBR Marine Park Authority in Townsville, Australia, reported that divers were finding extensive coral bleaching—the loss of symbiotic algae—in remote northern areas of the reef. Many sections were already dead. Subsequent flyover surveys have confirmed an unfolding disaster, with only four of 520 reefs appearing unscathed. The GBR joins a lengthening list of reefs bleached because of the El Niño that started in late 2014. It is now the longest bleaching event ever, and many more corals worldwide will likely die.
Journal Article
Cash incentives for papers go global
China's rewards are richest, but many nations offer bonuses for publishing in top journals China is well known for the generous bonuses it pays scientists who land a peer-review publication in a top journal like Science or Cell. But scientists in many countries are reaping similar bounties. Awards are primarily cash; some are as small as the$10 that Oakwood University in Huntsville, Alabama, bestows on authors when their papers are cited in the literature. At the other end of the scale, scientists at Chinese institutions stand to make a small fortune if a paper they author appears in journals with high citation impacts. A recent analysis posted to arXiv showed that, on average, Chinese universities offer first authors more than $ 43,000 for publishing a paper in Science or Nature, with the top reward for such a paper receiving a knee-wobbling $165,000.
Journal Article
Dengue researcher faces charges in vaccine fiasco
Rose Capeding could face years in prison for role in tests. Rose Capeding, former head of the dengue department of the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine in Manila, has been indicted in a series of criminal cases over the failed introduction in the Philippines of Dengvaxia, a vaccine against dengue that was yanked from the market in 2017 because of safety issues. In February, a panel of prosecutors concluded that there is probable cause to indict Capeding and 19 others for \"reckless imprudence resulting [in] homicide,\" because of their role in the vaccine's approval and rollout. If convicted of accusations leveled at her by the national Department of Justice, Capeding could face up to 48 years in prison. Many scientists have come to her defense.
Journal Article
AI shortcuts speed up simulations by billions of times
With little training, neural networks create accurate emulators for physics, astronomy, and earth science. Modeling immensely complex natural phenomena such as how subatomic particles interact or how atmospheric haze affects climate can take thousands of hours on even the fastest supercomputers. Emulators, algorithms that quickly approximate these detailed simulations, offer a shortcut. Now, work posted online shows how artificial intelligence can produce accurate emulators that can accelerate simulations across all of science by billions of times. The new system automatically creates emulators that work better and faster than those designed and trained by hand. And they could be used to improve the models they mimic and help scientists make the most of their time at experimental facilities.
Journal Article
Ice monitor delivers a bonus
Laser aboard NASA ICESat-2 satellite probes reefs and shallows near coastlines. Designed to explore polar ice and forest canopies, NASA's ICESat-2 satellite has found a new target: the shallow ocean floor. After its launch in 2018, mission scientists discovered the satellite altimeter's green laser was capable of penetrating coastal waters up to 40 meters deep. Although it may be no surprise that much of the deep ocean remains unmapped, sea floors less than 5 meters deep are also unexplored because they are off limits to ships and their sonar beams. That leaves what sailors call a \"white ribbon\" draped around coastlines on nautical charts. The ICESat-2 team has begun a new project to produce these bathymetry data in an automated way, with a particular focus on coral reefs. Such direct measures, when combined with studies using reflected sunlight, could allow global monitoring of reefs' health under the stress of climate change.
Journal Article