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Derivational knowledge is associated with writing and speaking skills. These skills are essential for EFL students who express themselves in oral presentations or written assignments. Therefore, diagnostic measurement of productive derivational knowledge is of vital importance, especially in regard to the most frequent 1,000 word families that cover 81% and 85% of written and spoken text. This study measured 46 Iranian university EFL students’ productive derivational knowledge of the words at the 1,000 word frequency level. The findings indicate that while participants had the productive form-meaning knowledge of the words at 1,000 level, they did not seem to have extensive derivational knowledge of the same words. This assists in diagnosing area of weakness and placing instructional emphasis on high frequency words.

NomVallex is a manually annotated valency lexicon of Czech nouns and adjectives that enables a comparison of valency properties of derivationally related lexical units. We present new developments in how the lexicon facilitates research into changes in valency across part-of-speech categories and derivational types. In particular, it provides links from derived lexical units to their base lexical units and also allows to search and display a base lexical unit together with all lexical units directly derived from it. Using an automatic procedure, any difference in valency between two derivationally related lexical units is specified. As a case study, focusing on nouns and adjectives directly or indirectly motivated by verbs, the facilities provided by the lexicon are used to show differences in what ways the particular deverbal derivatives representing various derivational types express the valency complementation standing in the base verbal construction in the subject position.

This article presents research into derivational properties of onomatopoeias in English and in Slovak. Onomatopoeias are defined narrowly in our approach, being restricted to the direct imitation of sounds of extra-linguistic reality. Our sample of 40 onomatopoeic words consists of two sound types: the sounds of animals and the sounds resulting from various falls, strokes, and bursts. A derivational network was produced for each such word. The evaluation parameters comprise derivational capacity, maximum derivational network, saturation value, number of derivation orders, most productive semantic categories by order of derivation, typical combinations of semantic categories, and derivational processes. An evaluation of the networks enabled us to answer the question of whether onomatopoeias are productive word-formation bases, to compare the two Sound Types, and to compare onomatopoeia-based networks to those based on non-iconic vocabulary. These results contribute to a better understanding of the word-formation systems in the compared languages and of the status of onomatopoeias with regard to non-iconic vocabulary.

The aim of our paper is to demonstrate the procedures by which the data needed to refine tools for automatic morphological analysis of Czech can be obtained using a corpus, namely the Araneum Bohemicum IV Maximum (Czech, 20.03) 7.10 G web corpus of the ARANEA series and Araneum Bohemicum Maximum (Czech, 15.04) 3,20 G (hereinafter Araneum). Particularly, we will focus on propria of the Kladenští type, i.e., substantivized adjectives of denoting groups of persons according to affiliation. The goal of the probe into the Aranea web corpus is: 1) a corpus-based description of frequented properties of the type, which can be used as a starting point for rule disambiguation; 2) creating a list of the most frequent lemmas belonging to the type, which can then be included into dictionaries of automatic morphological analyzers (e.g. the MorfFlex dictionary by Hajič and Hlaváčová). We believe that the probe can help improve the results of tools for automatic morphological analysis of Czech.

This paper aims to fill in a long missing piece in the paradigmatic word-formation research: a set of rival affixes whose members are differentiated in meaning. We argue that such a set can be found in English derivational adjectivalization, in the affixal rivalry between the adjectivalizing suffixes -ed and -y. Using the traditional method of doublet comparison (Aronoff 1976, 2020), we reveal that adjectives of the form Xed and those of the form Xy (X standing for the source word) differ in the scale type. Xed adjectives are closed-scale adjectives, but Xy adjectives are totally open-scale adjectives. The scale-type difference explains why Xed adjectives combine with certain degree modifiers, whereas Xy adjectives do not. Furthermore, we show that the rival affixes are doubly differentiated in the deverbal domain in terms of the said output scale type and the input base selection. In this domain, the major sources of the closed-scale -ed adjectives and the open-scale -y adjectives are result and manner verbs, respectively.

Mijara vê xebatê pêşgira dariştinê ya “ra-”yê û fonksîyonên wê yên morfosemantîk in. Dariştin yek ji rêbaza peyvsazîyê ye. Di vê rêbazê da gireyeke dariştinê li morfemeke xweser zêde dibe û maneyeke nû lê bar dike. Carinan jî li rex maneyê cureya peyvê jî diguherîne. Xebat ji alîyê mijar, korpus û dîyalektê ve hatiye sînorkirin. Ji bo vê xebatê wekî korpus Dîwana Melayê Cîzîrî, menzûmeyên Feqîyê Teyran (Şêx Sen’an, Bersisê ‘Abid, Zembîlfiroş, Şerê Dimdim) û Mem û Zîna Ehmedê Xanî hatine hilbijartin. Di xebatê da metoda zimannasîya senkronîk û teknîka analîzê ya zimannasîya kargîn hatine bikaranîn. Di vê çarçoveya analîzan da ji alîyê binyad û teşeyê ve peywend jî li ber çavan hatiye girtin.Wiha be çêtir e.. Di destpêka xebatê da metod, teknîk û çarçoveya xebatê hatiye destnîşankirin. Di beşa pêşî da derheqê bingeha teorîk a xebatê da agahî hatine dayîn. Di beşa analîzê da pêşî derheqê gireya “ra-“yê da agahî hatine dayîn û piştre peyvên ku ev gire wergirtine li gorî peywenda metnê hatine analîzkirin. Di encama xebatê da ev kategorîyên semantîk ên pêşgira “ra-”yê hatin tesbîtkirin: Bilindkirina tiştekî û belavbûna deng, razan an jî hişyarbûn, destpêkirina rûdanekê û peywirdarkirina kesekî, saxbûn û hatina bi ser hişê xwe û xurtkirina maneyê û şiyan.

In the article, a monument of the Mari language of the 2nd half of the 19th century is subjected to graphophonetic, morphological and lexical analysis. The translator is unknown. The book was published after the formation of the Translation Commission of the Brotherhood of St. Gury. The text is dominated by language features of the Meadow Mari. The specific letters of the Mari language Ó§, Ó±, Ò¥, which are included in the alphabet by the Translation Committee, are not always used consistently. The author has included lexical units from other dialects, so that the text could be understood by other Mari-speaking ethno-territorial groups. Synonymous words are given next to the main lexeme in brackets or at the bottom of the text in the links. The analyzed text shows that certain linguistic features are characteristic of the Eastern dialect of the Mari language.

Having a detailed description of the psycholinguistic properties of a language is essential for conducting well-controlled language experiments. However, there is a paucity of databases for some languages and regional varieties, including Québec French. The SyllabO+ corpus was created to provide a complete phonological and syllabic analysis of a corpus of spoken Québec French. In the present study, the corpus was expanded with 41 additional speakers, bringing the total to 225. The analysis was also expanded to include three new databases: unique words, lemmas, and morphemes (inflectional, derivational, and compounds). Next, the internal structure of unique words was analyzed to identify roots, inflectional markers, and affixes, as well as the components of compounds. Additionally, a group of 441 speakers of Québec French provided semantic transparency ratings for 3764 derived words. Results from the semantic transparency judgment study show broad inter-individual variability for words of medium transparency. No influence of sociodemographic variables was found. Transparency ratings are coherent with studies showing the greater transparency of suffixed words compared to prefixed words. Results for participants who speak French as a second language support the association between second-language proficiency and morphological processing.

This study aims to explore the specific contributions of derivational, inflectional, and compounding morphological awareness to reading comprehension through decoding and syntactic awareness. A total of 181 Grade 3 and 4 Chinese primary school children learning English as a second language in Hong Kong participated in this study. The results of structural equational modeling show that all the three types of morphological awareness contributed to reading comprehension through decoding and syntactic awareness, and they explained about 66% of the variance in decoding and 47.2% of the variance in syntactic awareness. Derivational and inflectional morphological awareness affected decoding more strongly than compounding morphological awareness. Derivational and inflectional morphological awareness had stronger effects on decoding than on syntactic awareness, whereas compounding morphological awareness had stronger effect on syntactic awareness than on decoding. In addition, derivational and inflectional morphological awareness had unique direct effects on reading comprehension beyond decoding and syntactic awareness. The unique effect of inflectional morphological awareness was stronger than that of derivational morphological awareness. These results advance our understanding of the multiple roles of the three types of morphological awareness in reading comprehension.