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\"Examines patterns of income inequality among 16 advanced democracies from the mid 1970s to the early 2000s and explains why some societies have a large and growing divide between the rich and the poor while others, facing similar global economic pressures, maintain more egalitarian income distributions\"--Provided by publisher.

The second WHO report on neglected tropical diseases builds on the growing sense of optimism_x000D__x000D_ generated by the 2012 publication of the WHO Roadmap. Commitments on the_x000D__x000D_ part of ministries of health in endemic countries global health initiatives funding_x000D__x000D_ agencies and philanthropists have escalated since 2010 as have donations of_x000D__x000D_ medicines from pharmaceutical companies and the engagement of the scientific_x000D__x000D_ community. _x000D__x000D_ This report marks a new phase and assesses opportunities and obstacles in the_x000D__x000D_ control elimination and eradication of several of these diseases. Unprecedented_x000D__x000D_ progress over the past two years has revealed unprecedented needs for_x000D__x000D_ refinements in control strategies and new technical tools and protocols. The_x000D__x000D_ substantial increases in donations of medicines made since the previous report_x000D__x000D_ call for innovations that simplify and refine delivery strategies. _x000D__x000D_ However some diseases including especially deadly ones like human African_x000D__x000D_ trypanosomiasis and visceral Leishmaniasis remain extremely difficult and costly_x000D__x000D_ to treat. The control of Buruli ulcer Chagas disease and yaws is hampered by_x000D__x000D_ imperfect technical tools although recent developments for yaws look promising._x000D__x000D_ The report highlights progress against these especially challenging diseases _x000D__x000D_ being made through the development of innovative and intensive management_x000D__x000D_ strategies. _x000D__x000D_ Innovations in vector control deserve more attention as playing a key part in_x000D__x000D_ reducing transmission and disease burden especially for Dengue Chagas disease_x000D__x000D_ and the Leishmaniases. _x000D__x000D_ Achieving universal health coverage with essential health interventions for_x000D__x000D_ neglected tropical diseases will be a powerful equalizer that abolishes distinctions_x000D__x000D_ between the rich and the poor the young and the old ethnic groups and women_x000D__x000D_ and men.

A comprehensive resource describing innovative technologies and digital health tools that can revolutionize the delivery of health care in low- to middle-income countries, particularly in remote rural impoverished communities  Revolutionizing Tropical Medicine offers an up-to-date guide for healthcare and other professionals working in low-resource countries where access to health care facilities for diagnosis and treatment is challenging. Rather than suggesting the expensive solution of building new bricks and mortar clinics and hospitals and increasing the number of doctors and nurses in these deprived areas, the authors propose a complete change of mindset. They outline a number of ideas for improving healthcare including rapid diagnostic testing for infectious and non-infectious diseases at a point-of-care facility, together with low cost portable imaging devices. In addition, the authors recommend a change in the way in which health care is delivered. This approach requires task-shifting within the healthcare provision system so that nurses, laboratory technicians, pharmacists and others are trained in the newly available technologies, thus enabling faster and more appropriate triage for people requiring medical treatment. This text: * Describes the current burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases in low- to middle-income countries throughout the world * Describes the major advances in healthcare outcomes in low-to middle-income countries derived from implementation of the United Nations/World Health Organisation's 2000 Millennium Development Goals * Provides a review of inexpensive rapid diagnostic point-of-care tests for infectious diseases in low-resource countries, particularly for people living in remote rural areas * Provides a review of other rapid point-of-care services for assessing hematological function, biochemical function, renal function, hepatic function and status including hepatitis, acid-base balance, sickle cell disease, severe acute malnutrition and spirometry * Explores the use of low-cost portable imaging devices for use in remote rural areas including a novel method of examining the optic fundus using a smartphone and the extensive value of portable ultrasound scanning when x-ray facilities are not available * Describes the use of telemedicine in the clinical management of both children and adults in remote rural settings * Looks to the future of clinical management in remote impoverished rural settings using nucleic acid identification of pathogens, the use of nanoparticles for water purification, the use of drones, the use of pulse oximetry and the use of near-infrared spectroscopy * Finally, it assesses the potential for future healthcare improvement in impoverished areas and how the United Nations/World Health Organization 2015 Sustainable Development Goals are approaching this. Written for physicians, infectious disease specialists, pathologists, radiologists, nurses, pharmacists and other health care workers, as well as government healthcare managers, Revolutionizing Tropical Medicine is a new up-to-date essential and realistic guide to treating and diagnosing patients in low-resource tropical countries based on new technologies.

This book examines the ethical controversies that have surrounded the design and conduct of international medical research sponsored by industrialized countries or industry, and carried out in developing countries. The chief concern is that research subjects in developing countries may be exploited because sponsors of research employ double standards. One debate focuses on whether the standard of care provided to subjects of medical research in developing countries should be the same as what research subjects receive in North America and Europe. Other concerns are whether the process of obtaining informed consent in developing countries is adequate, and whether prior ethical review of research meets standards that are well established in the industrialized world. Recent international developments show that essential medications can be made affordable and accessible to developing countries, and that double standards need not prevail.

The revised and updated second edition of Water and Sanitation Related Diseases and the Changing Environment offers an interdisciplinary guide to the conditions responsible for water and sanitation related diseases. The authors discuss the pathogens, vectors, and their biology, morbidity and mortality that result from a lack of safe water and sanitation. The text also explores the distribution of these diseases and the conditions that must be met to reduce or eradicate them.  The text includes contributions from authorities from the fields of climate change, epidemiology, environmental health, environmental engineering, global health, medicine, medical anthropology, nutrition, population, and public health. Covers the causes of individual diseases with basic information about the diseases and data on the distribution, prevalence, and incidence as well as interconnected factors such as environmental factors. The authors cover access to and maintenance of clean water, and guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta, and grey water, plus examples of solutions.  Written for students, and professionals in infectious disease, public health and medicine, chemical and environmental engineering, and international affairs, the second edition of Water and Sanitation Related Diseases and the Changing Environment isa comprehensive resource to the conditions responsible for water and sanitation related diseases.

Contemporary bioethics, now roughly 40 years old as a discipline, originated in the United States with a primarily Anglo-American cultural ethos. It continues to be professionalized and institutionalized as a maturing discipline at the intersections of philosophy, medicine, law, social sciences, and humanities. Increasingly bioethics—along with its foundational values, concepts and principals—has been exported to other countries, not only in the developed West, but also in developing and/or Eastern countries. Bioethics thus continues to undergo intriguing transformations as it is globalized and adapted to local cultures. These processes have occurred rapidly in the last two decades, with relatively little reflection and examination. This book takes a critical, empirical look at bioethics around the globe, examining how it is being transformed—at both local and global levels—in this process of cross-cultural exporting and importing. This book offers the first comparative anthropology and sociology of globalizing bioethics in the field, exploring the global dissemination, local adaptations, cultural meanings and social functions of bioethics theories, practices and institutions and comparing developed and developing countries. The book considers a full range of countries on every inhabited continent. Topics include government agendas such as nationalism and nation building; agendas of powerful, associated professions (e.g., medicine, law); theological and political agendas such as “culture wars”; agendas of entrepreneurial economies of profit; and other cultural and ideological agendas consciously or unconsciously advanced or contested by bioethics work in particular countries based on their unique history, politics and culture.