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\"A lavishly illustrated, in-depth early history covering two thousand years of diamond jewelry and commerce, from the Indian mines to European merchants, courts, and workshops This richly illustrated history of diamonds illuminates myriad facets of the \"king of gems,\" including a cast of larger-than-life characters such as Alexander the Great, the Mughal Emperor Jahangir, and East India Company adventurers. It's an in-depth study tracing the story of diamonds from their early mining and trade more than two thousand years ago to the 1700s, when Brazil displaced India as the world's primary diamond supplier. Jack Ogden, a historian and gemologist specializing in ancient gems and jewelry, describes the early history of diamond jewelry, the development of diamond cutting, and how diamonds were assessed and valued. The book includes more than one hundred captivating illustrations, from historic diamond-set jewelry, some previously unpublished, to photomicrographs of individual gems, medieval manuscript illustrations, and Indian miniatures, as well as diagrams depicting historical methods of cutting and polishing diamonds.\"--Jacket flap.

[...]Bravo and Nakayama's (1992) mixed/blocked result was reinterpreted to reflect intertrial priming that is impervious to top-down control. Method Participants The data collection process reported here was approved by the McMaster Research Ethics Board. For the control condition, we excluded participants with a miss rate to the single-item of more than .15 (five participants) or a response accuracy rate to either the single-item or search target in any cell of less than .75 (four participants), resulting in a final sample of 25 participants. Exclusion criteria differed slightly in the preparation condition because participants were required to withhold responses to the single-item on half of the trials. [...]we excluded participants with a hit-minus-false-alarm rate for the single-item task of less than .85 (five participants) or a response accuracy

Diamond jewelry has long been symbolic of political power and authority in Europe. This book focuses on the individuals who commissioned and wore extraordinarily precious diamond ornaments from the mid-14th century until the \"democratization\" of diamonds that followed the opening of mines in South Africa in 1867. 0This enthralling story covers seven centuries of history, showing the way in which rulers such as Charles V of France, Queen Elizabeth I of Great Britain, Louis XIV of France and Catherine II of Russia used diamond jewelry to reinforce their power and authority. As works of art, these precious creations mirror the successive styles of each period - late Gothic naturalism, the culture of the Renaissance, Baroque splendour, Rococo elegance and the Imperial grandeur of the First and Second Napoleonic Empires. The recurring themes - religion, sentiment, heraldry, military glory, miniatures and cameo portraiture - are reinterpreted by each generation of jewelers. Like royal dress, diamond jewelry was worn to dazzle and impress - at weddings, coronations, christenings and state visits - and was presented as gifts reflecting princely generosity. Over the centuries, these displays proved remarkably successful as instruments of government, symbolizing the pride and glory of a nation. 0Arranged chronologically, 'Diamond Jewelry' includes some legendary masterpieces of diamond jewelry. Written by an acknowledged expert, it offers an intriguing overview of one of the world's most precious gems.

The diagnostics of X‐ray beam properties has a critical importance at the European X‐ray Free‐Electron Laser facility. Besides existing diagnostic components, utilization of a diamond sensor was proposed to achieve radiation‐hard, non‐invasive beam position and pulse energy measurements for hard X‐rays. In particular, with very hard X‐rays, diamond‐based sensors become a useful complement to gas‐based devices which lose sensitivity due to significantly reduced gas cross‐sections. The measurements presented in this work were performed with diamond sensors consisting of an electronic‐grade single‐crystal chemical‐vapor‐deposition diamond with position‐sensitive resistive electrodes in a duo‐lateral configuration. The results show that the diamond sensor delivers pulse‐resolved X‐ray beam position data at 2.25 MHz with an uncertainty of less than 1% of the beam size. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of pulse‐resolved position measurements at the MHz rate using a transmissive diamond sensor at a free‐electron laser facility. It can therefore be a valuable tool for X‐ray free‐electron lasers, especially for high‐repetition‐rate machines, enabling applications such as beam‐based alignment and intra‐pulse‐train position feedback. Diamond sensors have been developed and tested for operation with high‐energy X‐ray beams at the European XFEL.

Peer review is the driving force of journal development, and reviewers are gatekeepers who ensure that Diversity maintains its standards for the high quality of its published papers. Thanks to the cooperation of our reviewers, in 2020, the median time to first decision was 15.5 days and the median time to publication was 40.5 days. Abbas, Sawaid Laguna, Emilio Abdul Momin Siddique, Mohammad Lahlali, Rachid Abé, Hiroshi Lake, Ellen Abe, Wataru Laloë, Jacques-Olivier Abraham, Wolf-Rainer Landeira Sánchez, José María Acevedo, Flor Edith Landis, Jacob Acevedo-Trejos, Esteban Lannoo, Michael J. Adamidis, Georgios Lapointe, Line Adams, Bryce T. Larkin, Daniel J. Adams, Rick LaRue, Michelle Adamska, Edyta Lassois, Ludivine Aebi, Alex Lavin, Matt Agorreta, Ainhoa LAVOIE, KATHLEEN Aguilar, Andres Lawal, Raman Akinyanju Aguilera, Anna G. Lawton, Colin Ahlinder, Jon Layton, Kara Ahlrichs, Wilko Lazo-Wasem, Eric A. Ahmed, Mohammed Lazzaro, Lorenzo Albrecht, Matthew A. Leasi, Francesca Alleaume, Samuel Leban, Jean-Michel Allegrezza, Marina Lebrun, Edward G Allen, Edith B. Leclère, Valérie Allen, Warwick J. Ledwoń, Mateusz Allison, Taber D. Lee, Hyoungseok Almonacid, Boris Lee, Kyung Jun Alverson, Andrew J. Lee, Phyllis Alves, Artur Lee, Sonny T.M. Amicucci, Antonella Lee, Wonchoel Ammerman, Loren Leese, Florian Ammirati, Joseph F. Legendre, Matthieu Amoriello, Tiziana Lehnert, Marcus Anastácio, Pedro Lehr, Edgar Anderson, Lars Lehtinen, Richard Ando, Tatsuro Leira, Manel Andrew, Tedder Lemmens, Pieter Angel, Dror Lenstra, Hans Angeli, Sergio León, Blanca Anna, Tomczyk Leonard, Ryan J. Annenkova, Nataliia V. Lequy, Émeline Anthony, Mark Levey, Douglas Anver, Shajahan Levine, Jonathan Anwar, Muhammad Zohaib Lewis, Leslie C. Araujo, Rafael Li, Lin Archer, Stephanie Li, Robert Arias, Andres Liao, Ling-Hsiu Arias, Elizabeth T. Liesebach, Heike Armenteros, Maickel Lillig, Martin Ashworth, Matt P. Lim, Burton K. Augspurger, Tom P. Lin, Hsing-Juh Aulagnier, Stéphane Liu, Shao-Lun (Allen) Aurelle, Didier Llewelyn, John Avis, Peter López-Calderón, Cosme Avramidou, Evangelia López-Hoffman, Laura Azarin, Kirill Vitalievich Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos Bae, Chang-Hyu Loppi, Steffano Baek, Seung Ho Lorite, Juan Baider, Claudia Louchart, Antoine Bąk, Małgorzata Lövei, Gabor L. Balčiauskas, Linas Lozano, Jorge Balčiauskienė, Laima Lucas, Eve Baldrighi, Elisa Luckenbach, Mark W. Balestrieri, Alessandro Lukács, Balázs András Baležentienė, Ligita Lukes, Julius Baliuckas, Virgilijus Lumini, Erica Ballard, Harvey Lundin, Daniel Balsamo, Maria Luo, Wentao Banaszuk, Piotr Lupini, Antonio Banerji, Aabir Lupo, Karen D. Barber, Nicholas Maák, István Elek Barinova, Sophia Maccherini, Simona Bartish, Igor V. Macheriotou, Lara Bartošová-Sojková, Pavla Machida-Hirano, Ryoko Bartual, Ana Machon, Nathalie Bas, Yves Macrander, Jason Baser, Nuray Madison-Antenucci, Susan Bassi, Davide Magallanes, Sergio Basso, Daniela Maguilla, Enrique Battisti, Corrado Magura, Tibor Bauer, Raimond T. Malatinszky, Ákos Bauman, Andrew Maletzky, Andreas Beaty, Lynne Malone, Nicholas Beaudrot, Lydia Mammola, Stefano Beauger, Aude Mamolos, Andreas Becking, Leontine E. Manchado, Manuel Bedini, Gianni Mandyam, Keerthi Behnke-Borowczyk, Jolanta Manenti, Raoul Bejarano, Ivonne Manfrin, Chiara Beld, Joris Mangini, Giacomo Belesky, David Mangot, Jean-François Belk, Mark Mankin, Richard W. Bell, F. Wayne Manton, Michael Belmonte, Genuario Manu, Minodora Benda, Petr Maracahipes, Leandro Bendová, Zdeňka Marcarelli, Amy M. Benedek, Ana Maria Marchant, Richard Benjamin, Pierce Marchesini, Luca Belelli Benucci, Gian Marchini, Agnese Bernardi, Giacomo Marco, Adolfo Bertolani, Roberto Marcogliese, David Bertolini, Camilla Maria Balestrini, Raffaella Berv, Jacob Marino, Davide Bevilacqua, Stanislao Marinov, Georgi K. Beyer, Marco Mariottini, Paolo Bi, Yonghong Marques, Isabel Biebach, Iris Marques, João Tiago Sabino Lino Bieler, Rudiger Marramà, Giuseppe Billman, Eric Martin, Daniel Bills, Gerald F. Martin, Thomas Blabolil, Petr Mashkova, Irina V. Blanchard, Jeffrey Massimino Cocuzza, Giuseppe Blanchet, Simon Masters, Judith Blanfuné, Aurélie Mateo, Rafael Bledzki, Leszek A Mateo-Ramírez, Ángel Bloor, Juliette M.G. Mathiron, Anthony Boccacci, Paolo Matthews, Thomas J. Boczkowska, Maja Mawson, Peter Bode-Dalby, Maya Mawson, Peter R. Bogan, Arthur Mayfield, Anderson Böhm, Monika Mayr, Gerald Bohner, Andreas Mazgajski, Tomasz D. Bolibok-Brągoszewska, Hanna Mazur, Andrzej Bolotov, Ivan McCravy, Kenneth Bolt, Laura McDonald, Justin Bonari, Gianmaria Mcglaughlin, Mitchell E. Bonato, Lucio McHugh, Matthew J. Bonciu, Elena McInnes, Sandra Bond, Monica L. McKnight, Diane Bonet, José Antonio McMahon, Kathryn Bonisławska, Małgorzata Mei, Giacomo Borges, Paulo A. V. Meijer, Hanneke Borowski, Zbigniew Meilland, Julie Boscari, Elisa Meira Castro, Ana C. Bosence, Dan Meleg, Ioana Nicoleta Bostan, Ionel Melika, George Bott, Nathan Melosik, Iwona Bouchard, Patrice Mendes, Thiago Bouska, Kristen Méndez, Marcos Bracchi, Valentina A. Menkhorst, Peter Brągoszewska, Ewa Mercado, Jesús M. Brandmayr, Pietro Mercati, Francesco Bratek, Zoltán Merilä, Juha Bray, Rodney A. Mertas, Anna Breedy, Odalisca Mešić, Armin Breitburg, Denise Meunier, Cédric L. Breuer, Thomas Meyer, Christoph Brill, Richard W. Meyer, Christoph F. J. Britayev, Temir A. Meyer, Harry Brown, Shawn P. Meyer, Wallace M. Brščić, Kristina Michalczyk, Łukasz Brugger, Sandra Michalik, Peter Brunbjerg, Ane Kirstine Michel, Loïc N. Brustolin, Marco C. Mickan, Bede Brygadyrenko, Viktor V. Miglietta, Maria Bryja, Josef Mihai-Leonard, Duduman Brzosko, Emilia Milios, Leonidas Bucciarelli, Gary M. Miller, Thomas E. Bucekova, Marcela Mills, Harriet Buck, Julia Milne, Marc Buczkó, Krisztina Minamoto, Toshifumi Budka, Michał Mioduchowska, Monika Bültmann, Helga Miranda, Rafael Burgar, Joanna Mirete, Salvador Burgazzi, Gemma Mirza, Babur S. Burgin, Shelley Mitrus, Sławomir Burgio, Giovanni Miura, Chihiro Burgio, Kevin R. Miyakawa, Hitoshi Burnett, Stephen Moeslund, Jesper Erenskjold Burņeviča, Natālija Molony, Brett Burridge, Chris Monaco, Thomas A. Butler, Joseph A Monchatre-Leroy, Elodie Caccianiga, Marco Moniuszko, Hanna Calero, Sara Monnin, Thibaud Cameron, Jack Monokrousos, Nikolaos Cameron, Ken Montagna, Paul A. Campanella, James Monteiro-Henriques, Tiago Campbell, Alexandra Montoya-Mendoza, Jesús Campbell, Ewan Moore, Abigail Campbell, Joshua Morandini, Andre Campera, Marco Morelli, Toni Lyn Campos, Catarina Moreno-Rueda, Gregorio Čandek, Klemen Morgan, David Cantarel, Amélie Mori, Emiliano Capa, Maria Morimura, Naruki Caplat, Paul Moroń, Dawid Car, Ana Morri, Carla Caragnano, A. Morrison, Cheryl L. Caragnano, Annalisa Morrison, Michael Carli, Emanuela Moss, Anthony G. Čarni, Andraž Mottern, Jason L. Caronni, Sarah Mouga, Teresa Caroselli, Erik Moulin, Lionel Carotenuto, Ylenia Mühldorfer, Kristin Carr, John L Müller, Carsten Carter, Anna Munoz Gomez, Sergio Andres Carter, Gerald G. Munzi, Silvana Carvalho, Fatima Murray, Bryan Casacci, Luca Pietro Muschick, Moritz Casas, Fabián Mutshinda, Crispin Casero, María Cristina Mysłajek, Robert Casey, Michelle Nabozhenko, Maxim V. Casoli, Edoardo Nadarajan, Jayanthi Castelli, Michele Nadeem, Muhammad Castillo, Karl Nafus, Melia Castro, Peter Nagamitsu, Teruyoshi Catanese, Gaetano Nakabayashi, Miyabi Catarino, Luís Nakadai, Ryosuke Catorci, Andrea Nakamori, Taizo Cauwelier, Eef Namiotko, Tadeusz Cellinese, Nico Nanami, Atsushi Čerevková, Andrea Nanninga, Gerrit B. Cervera, Juan Lucas Napiórkowski, Paweł Ceschin, Simona Nardi, Francesco Česonienė, Laima Nazarova, Sophia Chace, Jameson Neige, Pascal Chadwick, Michael A. Neilson, Roy Chakarov, Nayden Nekaris, Anne Chan, Benny Kwok Kan Nelson, David Chan, Kin Onn Nelson, Diane R. Chase, Tory J Neuenkamp, Lena Chattova, Barbora Neumann, Peter Chávez-Servia, José Luis Nevin, Owen Chelli, Stefano Nicolet, Katia Chertoprud, Elena Nicoletti, Rosario Chiarini, Luigi Niedbała, Wojciech Chica-Ruiz, Juan Adolfo Nimbs, Matt J. Chick, Lacy Nogueira, António Chłond, Dominik Novotna, Alzbeta Chmura, Damian Nowak, Arkadiusz Choi, Won Il Nowicki, Marcin Christopoulou, Anastasia Nowicki, Piotr Christou, Epaminondas D. Nozawa, Yoko Chylarecki, Przemysław Nunes, Leonel Claar, Danielle C. Nunn, Francesca Claramunt, Santiago Oatham, Mike P. Clotfelter, Ethan D. Oberbauer, Anita M. Clouse, Ron OConnor, Barry Coiro, Mario Ogihara, Mari H. Comas, Mar Ogórek, Rafał Commito, John A. Ogura-Tsujita, Yuki Conley, Keats R. Ohtsuka, Susumu Conlon, Benjamin H. Oja, Jane Consorti, Lorenzo Olah, George Constantinidis, Theophanis Oldenbroek, Kor Conti-Jerpe, Inga E. Olivera, Elías R. Contina, Andrea Öllerer, Kinga Corbí, Hugo Ollerton, Jeff Cordeiro, Guaraci Duran Ondreičková, Katarína Corlatti, Luca Ophir, Ron Cornwall, Chris Orange, Didier Cortes, Andres J. Ovidi, Elisa Cortis, Pierluigi Owens, David W. Cotrim, Sónia C. Ozga, Andrew Cove, Michael Ozturk, Cahit Cozzi, Cristina Pacioglu, Octavian Crates, Ross Pacioni, Giovanni Cristescu, Bogdan Paiva, Vitor H. Crocetta, Fabio Pajdak-Stós, Agnieszka Croft, David B. Palinauskas, Vaidas Crowther, Mathew Paller, Michael H. Cruz, Joana Panitsa, Maria Cruz-Rivera, Edwin Papageorgiou, Aristotelis Cryan, Paul M. Papakostas, Spiros Cubillos, Francisco Papatheodorou, Efi Cuesta, José A. Park, Chan Ryul Cui, Zhouqi Park, Joo Myun Culver, David Park, Soo Je Cunha, Jorge Park, Young-Seuk Cure, Katherine Pastor, Sandra Garcés Currie, William S. Pastorino, Paolo Czortek, Patryk Pathak, Ashish D’Amico, Michele Pathan, Shamina Imran Dahlin, Christine R. Patrone, Vania Dalerum, Fredrik Patterson, Ian David, Andrew Paul, Narayan Chandra Dawood, Mahmoud A.O. Pavia, Marco Day, Julia J. Pavlek, Martina De Rojas, Manuel Payne, Davnah Deban, Stephen M. Pearse, Ian Decher, Jan Pearson, Dean Degani, Gad Pei, Kurtis Jai-Chyi Dekoninck, Wouter Pellegrino, Irene Del Vecchio, Silvia Pellegrino, Luca Delgado, Juan Antonio Peña-Martínez, Ramón DellaSala, Dominick Peneva, Vlada Delroisse, Jér

\"Since their first discovery, these precious gems have inspired passion, evoked jealousy, and spurred conflict. Readers will study how diamonds are formed, extracted, and processed\"-- Provided by publisher.