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Influence of In Vitro Digestion on Composition, Bioaccessibility and Antioxidant Activity of Food Polyphenols—A Non-Systematic Review
There is increased interest in following a healthy lifestyle and consuming a substantial portion of secondary plant metabolites, such as polyphenols, due to their benefits for the human body. Food products enriched with various forms of fruits and vegetables are sources of pro-health components. Nevertheless, in many cases, the level of their activities is changed in in vivo conditions. The changes are strictly connected with processes in the digestive system that transfigure the structure of the active compounds and simultaneously keep or modify their biological activities. Much attention has focused on their bioavailability, a prerequisite for further physiological functions. As human studies are time consuming, costly and restricted by ethical concerns, in vitro models for investigating the effects of digestion on these compounds have been developed to predict their release from the food matrix, as well as their bioaccessibility. Most typically, models simulate digestion in the oral cavity, the stomach, the small intestine and, occasionally, the large intestine. The presented review aims to discuss the impact of in vitro digestion on the composition, bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of food polyphenols. Additionally, we consider the influence of pH on antioxidant changes in the aforementioned substances.
Journal Article
Guts : our digestive system
Provides a guide to the workings of the digestive system through a review of the organs, the digestive process, and detailed photos of the surface of the stomach.
Book
Effect of temperature on removal of antibiotic resistance genes by anaerobic digestion of activated sludge revealed by metagenomic approach
As antibiotic resistance continues to spread globally, there is growing interest in the potential to limit the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from wastewater sources. In particular, operational conditions during sludge digestion may serve to discourage selection of resistant bacteria, reduce horizontal transfer of ARGs, and aid in hydrolysis of DNA. This study applied metagenomic analysis to examine the removal efficiency of ARGs through thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic digestion using bench-scale reactors. Although the relative abundance of various ARGs shifted from influent to effluent sludge, there was no measureable change in the abundance of total ARGs or their diversity in either the thermophilic or mesophilic treatment. Among the 35 major ARG subtypes detected in feed sludge, substantial reductions (removal efficiency >90 %) of 8 and 13 ARGs were achieved by thermophilic and mesophilic digestion, respectively. However, resistance genes of aadA, macB, and sul1 were enriched during the thermophilic anaerobic digestion, while resistance genes of erythromycin esterase type I, sul1, and tetM were enriched during the mesophilic anaerobic digestion. Efflux pump remained to be the major antibiotic resistance mechanism in sludge samples, but the portion of ARGs encoding resistance via target modification increased in the anaerobically digested sludge relative to the feed. Metagenomic analysis provided insight into the potential for anaerobic digestion to mitigate a broad array of ARGs.
Journal Article
Understanding food and digestion
Explains how the human body digests, utilizes and eliminates the food it ingests.
Book
Bioenergy production from chicken manure: a review
Adopting waste-to-wealth strategies and circular economy models can help reduce biowaste and add value. For instance, poultry farming is an essential source of protein, and chicken manure can be converted into renewable energy through anaerobic digestion. However, there are a number of restrictions that prevent the utilization of chicken manure in bioenergy production. Here, we review the conversion of chicken manure into biomethane by anaerobic digestion with focus on limiting factors, strategies to enhance digestion, and valorization. Limiting factors include antibiotics, ammonia, fatty acids, trace elements, and organic compounds. Digestion can be enhanced by co-digestion with sludge, lignocellulosic materials, food waste, and green waste; by addition of additives such as chars, hydrochars, and conductive nanoparticles; and by improving the bacterial community. Chicken manure can be valorized by composting, pyrolysis, and gasification. We found that the growth of anaerobic organisms is inhibited by low carbon-to-nitrogen ratios. The total biogas yield decreased from 450.4 to 211.0 mL/g volatile solids in the presence of
Staphylococcus
aureus and chlortetracycline in chicken manure. A chlortetracycline concentration of 60 mg/kg or less is optimal for biomethanization, whereas higher concentrations can inhibit biomethane production. The biomethane productivity is reduced by 56% at oxytetracycline concentrations of 10 mg/L in the manure. Tylosin concentration exceeding 167 mg/L in the manure highly deteriorated the biomethane productivity due to an accumulation of acetate and propionate in the fermentation medium. Anaerobic co-digestion of 10% of primary sludge to 90% of chicken manure increased the biogas yield up to 8570 mL/g volatile solids. Moreover, chemicals such as biochar, hydrochar, and conducting materials can boost anaerobic digestion by promoting direct interspecies electron transfer. For instance, the biomethane yield from the anaerobic digestion of chicken manure was improved by a value of 38% by supplementation of biochar.
Journal Article
The science of the digestive system
Explores the human digestive system using simple flowcharts to break down difficult concepts into accessible chunks.
Book
The digestion time for salmon louse in relation to freshness, developmental stage, and temperature
Sea lice infestations cause significant economic losses in the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry. To biologically control sea lice at farming sites, cleaner fish such as lumpfish are employed. However, the efficacy of lumpfish is under constant debate, primarily due to limited knowledge of digestion times, which makes it difficult to interpret the number of salmon lice found in the stomach contents of dissected lumpfish. The aim of this study was to provide quantitative estimates of the degradation of salmon lice over a period of 12 days. After an acclimation period of approximately one week, batches of eight lumpfish (average weight 94.3 g, SD ± 33.2) were fed salmon lice and arranged in tanks. Each batch received six large mobile lice and two adult female lice. Samplings were conducted at 24-hour intervals during the first four days and at 48-hour intervals over the remaining eight days. The experiment was conducted twice, each at a different temperature regime (6°C and 9°C), using live lice in both trials. To investigate if the freshness of the louse influenced degradation and digestion, the setup was replicated in the 9°C experiment with lice that had been stored frozen at -80°C, with an additional 12-hour sampling point for comprehensive observation. The analysis of salmon lice revealed expected digestion times of 6.4 days and 12.9 days for large mobile and adult female salmon lice, respectively. Temperature and lice freshness did not seem to influence digestion times, but the developmental stage of the lice did. The findings of this study can be used to estimate the cleaning efficacy of lumpfish based on the stomach contents.
Journal Article
Digestion! the musical
Despite being told that she is nothing but \"empty calories,\" Candy is excited by her big break--being digested by the body, in this humorous exploration of the digestive system, presented as a Broadway musical.
Book
The digestion time for salmon louse
Sea lice infestations cause significant economic losses in the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry. To biologically control sea lice at farming sites, cleaner fish such as lumpfish are employed. However, the efficacy of lumpfish is under constant debate, primarily due to limited knowledge of digestion times, which makes it difficult to interpret the number of salmon lice found in the stomach contents of dissected lumpfish.
Journal Article