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The element-free Galerkin (EFG) method, which constructs shape functions via moving least squares (MLS) approximation, represents a fundamental and widely studied meshless method in numerical computation. Although it achieves high computational accuracy, the shape functions are more complex than those in the conventional finite element method (FEM), resulting in great computational requirements. Therefore, improving the computational efficiency of the EFG method represents an important research direction. This paper systematically reviews significant contributions from domestic and international scholars in advancing the EFG method. Including the improved element-free Galerkin (IEFG) method, various interpolating EFG methods, four distinct complex variable EFG methods, and a series of dimension splitting meshless methods. In the numerical examples, the effectiveness and efficiency of the three methods are validated by analyzing the solutions of the IEFG method for 3D steady-state anisotropic heat conduction, 3D elastoplasticity, and large deformation problems, as well as the performance of two-dimensional splitting meshless methods in solving the 3D Helmholtz equation.

In this paper, based on the improved interpolating moving least-squares (IMLS) method and the dimension splitting method, the interpolating dimension splitting element-free Galerkin (IDSEFG) method for three-dimensional (3D) potential problems is proposed. The key of the IDSEFG method is to split a 3D problem domain into many related two-dimensional (2D) subdomains. The shape function is constructed by the improved IMLS method on the 2D subdomains, and the Galerkin weak form based on the dimension splitting method is used to obtain the discretized equations. The discrete equations on these 2D subdomains are coupled by the finite difference method. Take the improved element-free Galerkin (IEFG) method as a comparison, the advantage of the IDSEFG method is that the essential boundary conditions can be enforced directly. The effects of the number of nodes, the direction of dimension splitting, and the parameters of the influence domain on the calculation accuracy are studied through four numerical examples, the numerical solutions of the IDSEFG method are compared with the numerical solutions of the IEFG method and the analytical solutions. It is verified that the numerical solutions of the IDSEFG method are highly consistent with the analytical solution, and the calculation efficiency of this method is significantly higher than that of the IEFG method.

By transforming a 3D problem into some related 2D problems, the dimension splitting element-free Galerkin (DSEFG) method is proposed to solve 3D transient heat conduction problems. The improved element-free Galerkin (IEFG) method is used for 2D transient heat conduction problems, and the finite difference method is applied in the splitting direction. The discretized system equation is obtained based on the Galerkin weak form of 2D problem; the essential boundary conditions are imposed with the penalty method; and the finite difference method is employed in the time domain. Four exemplary problems are chosen to verify the efficiency of the DSEFG method. The numerical solutions show that the efficiency and precision of the DSEFG method are greater than ones of the IEFG method for 3D problems.

By introducing the dimension splitting method (DSM) into the generalized element-free Galerkin (GEFG) method, a dimension splitting generalized interpolating element-free Galerkin (DS-GIEFG) method is presented for analyzing the numerical solutions of the singularly perturbed steady convection–diffusion–reaction (CDR) problems. In the DS-GIEFG method, the DSM is used to divide the two-dimensional CDR problem into a series of lower-dimensional problems. The GEFG and the improved interpolated moving least squares (IIMLS) methods are used to obtain the discrete equations on the subdivision plane. Finally, the IIMLS method is applied to assemble the discrete equations of the entire problem. Some examples are solved to verify the effectiveness of the DS-GIEFG method. The numerical results show that the numerical solution converges to the analytical solution with the decrease in node spacing, and the DS-GIEFG method has high computational efficiency and accuracy.

By introducing the dimension splitting method into the reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM), a hybrid reproducing kernel particle method (HRKPM) for solving three-dimensional (3D) wave propagation problems is presented in this paper. Compared with the RKPM of 3D problems, the HRKPM needs only solving a set of two-dimensional (2D) problems in some subdomains, rather than solving a 3D problem in the 3D problem domain. The shape functions of 2D problems are much simpler than those of 3D problems, which results in that the HRKPM can save the CPU time greatly. Four numerical examples are selected to verify the validity and advantages of the proposed method. In addition, the error analysis and convergence of the proposed method are investigated. From the numerical results we can know that the HRKPM has higher computational efficiency than the RKPM and the element-free Galerkin method.

A novel dimension splitting method is proposed for the efficient numerical simulation of a biochemotaxis model, which is a coupled system of chemotaxis–fluid equations and incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. A second-order pressure correction method is employed to decouple the velocity and pressure for the Navier–Stokes equations. Then, the alternating direction implicit scheme is used to solve the velocity equation, and the operator with dimension splitting effect is used instead of the traditional elliptic operator to solve the pressure equation. For the chemotactic equation, the operator splitting method and extrapolation technique are used to solve oxygen and cell density to achieve second-order time accuracy. The proposed dimension splitting method splits the two-dimensional problem into a one-dimensional problem by splitting the spatial derivative, which reduces the computation and storage costs. Finally, through interesting experiments, we show the evolution of the cell plume shape during the descent process. The effect of changing specific parameters on the velocity and plume shape during the descent process is also studied.

Due to the low computational efficiency of the Improved Element-Free Galerkin (IEFG) method, efficiently solving three-dimensional (3D) Laplace problems using meshless methods has been a longstanding research direction. In this study, we propose the Dimension Coupling Method (DCM) as a promising alternative approach to address this challenge. Based on the Dimensional Splitting Method (DSM), the DCM divides the 3D problem domain into a coupling of multiple two-dimensional (2D) problems which are handled via the IEFG method. We use the Finite Element Method (FEM) in the third direction to combine the 2D discretized equations, which has advantages over the Finite Difference Method (FDM) used in traditional methods. Our numerical verification demonstrates the DCM’s convergence and enhancement of computational speed without losing computational accuracy compared to the IEFG method. Therefore, this proposed method significantly reduces computational time and costs when solving 3D Laplace equations with natural or mixed boundary conditions in a dimensional splitting direction, and expands the applicability of the dimension splitting EFG method.

The reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM) is one of the most universal meshless methods. However, when solving three-dimensional (3D) problems, the computational efficiency is relatively low because of the complexity of the shape function. To overcome this disadvantage, in this study, we introduced the dimension splitting method into the RKPM to present a hybrid reproducing kernel particle method (HRKPM), and the 3D Helmholtz equation is solved. The 3D Helmholtz equation is transformed into a series of related two-dimensional (2D) ones, in which the 2D RKPM shape function is used, and the Galerkin weak form of these 2D problems is applied to obtain the discretized equations. In the dimension-splitting direction, the difference method is used to combine the discretized equations in all 2D domains. Three example problems are given to illustrate the performance of the HRKPM. Moreover, the numerical results show that the HRKPM can improve the computational efficiency of the RKPM significantly.

By introducing the dimension splitting method (DSM) into the improved interpolating moving least-squares (IMLS) method with nonsingular weight function, a dimension splitting–interpolating moving least squares (DS-IMLS) method is first proposed. Since the DSM can decompose the problem into a series of lower-dimensional problems, the DS-IMLS method can reduce the matrix dimension in calculating the shape function and reduce the computational complexity of the derivatives of the approximation function. The approximation function of the DS-IMLS method and its derivatives have high approximation accuracy. Then an improved interpolating element-free Galerkin (IEFG) method for the two-dimensional potential problems is established based on the DS-IMLS method. In the improved IEFG method, the DS-IMLS method and Galerkin weak form are used to obtain the discrete equations of the problem. Numerical examples show that the DS-IMLS and the improved IEFG methods have high accuracy.