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Legal aspects related to digital twin
The creation of digital replicas of individuals, based on their data, gives birth to what experts in medical field called the ‘personal digital twin’. This new ‘digital self’ raises many difficulties, in sociology, in science and in law. This article presents the main issues from a legal point of view. Most of the structuring concepts of the law are questioned by these special symbiotic systems: the concept of person, identity, entitlement to rights and obligations, legal capacity, liability, data processing, etc. All these notions, which are rooted in the legal tradition, are correlated to the human person and must therefore be profoundly adapted to apply to the digital twin. It is a new experience: the law must devise concepts to take account of an entity that is halfway between people and things. We see this as an opportunity to rethink the legal framework and to consider the advent of future digital human rights. This questioning, barely sketched here, aims to make the law evolve towards a better consideration of symbiotic systems.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards symbiotic autonomous systems’.
Journal Article
The winding path towards symbiotic autonomous systems
Over the next 10 years, we are likely to see the convergence of two independent evolutionary paths: one leading to an augmentation of machine capabilities; the other with the augmentation of human capabilities. This convergence will not happen at a specific point in time; instead, it will be the result of progressive overlapping, to the point that it might be difficult to identify a defining moment. The following decade will likely be quite different from the present one. 5G will probably be remembered as a transitional system, artificial intelligence (AI) as a misplaced objective. We are looking forward to a communications fabric created by autonomous systems that will exist both in the physical world as well as in cyberspace, determining a continuum that gives rise to digital reality and where intelligence is an emerging property of the ambient. Hence, the dichotomy between AI and natural intelligence will no longer exist and AI will be considered as a tool for human augmentation and as the glue connecting minds and machines.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards symbiotic autonomous systems’.
Journal Article
The paradox of Internet groups : alone in the presence of virtual others
Drawing on the seminal ideas of British, European and American group analysis, psychoanalysts, social psychologists and social scientists, the books in this series will focus on the study of small and large groups, organisations and other social systems, and on the study of the transpersonal and transgenerational sociality of human nature. NILGA books will be required reading for the members of professional organisations in the fields of group analysis, psychoanalysis, and related social sciences. They will be indispensable for the \"formation\" of students of psychotherapy, whether they are mainly interested in clinical work with patients or in consultancy to teams and organisational clients within the private and public sectors. --Page 4 of cover.
Book
Energizing ASTM lap joint fracture standards
Several ASTM standards on the fracture of glued and welded joints need attention because they do not consider the Griffith energy criterion of cracking which was proposed a century ago. It is almost as if Griffith never existed because the ASTM definition of failure is the stress criterion postulated by Galileo in 1638 in which stress at failure (i.e. strength = force/area) is defined as the determinant of fracture. Irene Martinez Villegas (Villegas, Rans 2021 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 376, 20200296. (doi:10.1098/rsta.2020.0296)) shows in this volume that attempts to use ASTM D5868 to standardize welded composite (carbon fibre reinforced polymer, CFRP) lap joints reveal major problems. First, the test is a low angle bend–peel test; not shear. Second, the energy required to break the joint is not emphasized so that joints may have high strength properties but also low toughness; third, the fracture force is not proportional to the lap joint area so the concept of strength independent of sample size is false; fourth, as the CFRP panels are made thicker, the strength rises at constant overlap area so the strength can be any value you want; fifth, the strength of larger joints goes down; this is the size effect noted in many bend-cracking tests, much as Galileo suggested for bent beam fracture in his famous book ‘the larger the machine, the greater its weakness’. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that poor ASTM ‘shear strength’ standards should be replaced by a definition of welded lap joint performance based on Griffith’s energy conservation argument in which fracture surface energy is the main parameter resisting failure. The foundation of this Griffith-style lap joint analysis for long cracks goes back to 1975 but has been largely ignored until now because it does not fit the Griffith equation for cracked sheets, has no ‘stress intensity factor’, and travels at constant speed, not accelerating like the standard Griffith tension crack. This study of tensile delamination shows that a long lap crack is not driven by stress near the crack but by changes in stored elastic energy in the stretched strips remote from the crack tip, while strain energy release rate is negative. It would be more appropriate to call this lap failure a tensile delamination crack.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘A cracking approach to inventing new tough materials: fracture stranger than friction’.
Journal Article
A discussion on electricity prices, or the two sides of the coin
We examine how different pricing frameworks deal with non-convex features typical of day-ahead energy prices when the power system is hydro-dominated, like in Brazil. For the system operator, requirements of minimum generation translate into feasibility issues that are fundamental to carry the generated power through the network. When utilities are remunerated at a price depending on Lagrange multipliers computed for a system with fixed commitment, the corresponding values sometimes fail to capture a signal that recovers costs. Keeping in mind recent discussions for the Brazilian power system, we analyse mechanisms that provide a compromise between the needs of the generators and those of the system operator. After characterizing when a price supports a generation plan, we explain in simple terms dual prices and related concepts, such as minimal uplifts and bi-dual problems. We present a new pricing mechanism that guarantees cost recovery to all agents, without over-compensations. Instead of using Lagrange multipliers, the price is defined as the solution to an optimization problem. The behaviour of the new rule is compared to two other proposals in the literature on illustrative examples, including a small, yet representative, hydro-thermal system.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘The mathematics of energy systems’.
Journal Article
Mere civility : disagreement and the limits of toleration
Civility is often treated as an essential virtue in liberal democracies that promise to protect diversity as well as active disagreement in the public sphere. Yet the fear that our tolerant society faces a crisis of incivility is gaining ground. Politicians and public intellectuals call for \"more civility\" as the solution--but is civility really a virtue? Or is it something more sinister--a covert demand for conformity that silences dissent? Mere Civility sheds light on this tension in contemporary political theory and practice by examining similar appeals to civility in early modern debates about religious toleration. In seventeenth-century England, figures as different as Roger Williams, Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke could agree that some restraint on the wars of words and \"persecution of the tongue\" between sectarians would be required; and yet, they recognized that the prosecution of incivility was often difficult to distinguish from persecution.-- Provided by publisher
Book
Extended mechanical force measurements using structured illumination microscopy
Quantifying cell generated mechanical forces is key to furthering our understanding of mechanobiology. Traction force microscopy (TFM) is one of the most broadly applied force probing technologies, but its sensitivity is strictly dependent on the spatio-temporal resolution of the underlying imaging system. In previous works, it was demonstrated that increased sampling densities of cell derived forces permitted by super-resolution fluorescence imaging enhanced the sensitivity of the TFM method. However, these recent advances to TFM based on super-resolution techniques were limited to slow acquisition speeds and high illumination powers. Here, we present three novel TFM approaches that, in combination with total internal reflection, structured illumination microscopy and astigmatism, improve the spatial and temporal performance in either two-dimensional or three-dimensional mechanical force quantification, while maintaining low illumination powers. These three techniques can be straightforwardly implemented on a single optical set-up offering a powerful platform to provide new insights into the physiological force generation in a wide range of biological studies.
This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (part 1)’.
Journal Article