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A Review of Power Distribution Test Feeders in the United States and the Need for Synthetic Representative Networks
Under the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources and new smart network technologies, distribution utilities face new challenges and opportunities to ensure reliable operations, manage service quality, and reduce operational and investment costs. Simultaneously, the research community is developing algorithms for advanced controls and distribution automation that can help to address some of these challenges. However, there is a shortage of realistic test systems that are publically available for development, testing, and evaluation of such new algorithms. Concerns around revealing critical infrastructure details and customer privacy have severely limited the number of actual networks published and that are available for testing. In recent decades, several distribution test feeders and US-featured representative networks have been published, but the scale, complexity, and control data vary widely. This paper presents a first-of-a-kind structured literature review of published distribution test networks with a special emphasis on classifying their main characteristics and identifying the types of studies for which they have been used. This both aids researchers in choosing suitable test networks for their needs and highlights the opportunities and directions for further test system development. In particular, we highlight the need for building large-scale synthetic networks to overcome the identified drawbacks of current distribution test feeders.
Journal Article
Research on distributed energy resources operation and control information model based on IEC 61850
INTRODUCTION: High-ratio distributed energy resources (DERs) impact distribution network operation and require effective scheduling. IEC 61850 7-420 defines a DER model, but massive small/medium DERs in low-voltage networks hinder station-area aggregated management. OBJECTIVES: Enable aggregated management, dynamic scheduling of small/medium DERs and ensure DER data security. METHODS: 1. Analyze station-area structure and information needs via cluster control 2.Establish a general information model of DER equipment. 3.Build a new communication security control logical node 4.Realize the source-side dynamic conversion of inverter data RESULTS: Key results: 1) IEC 61850-based DER scheduling model; 2) DER data security logical node; 3) Inverter data protocol conversion. CONCLUSION: The proposed model, node and method resolve core DER management issues, providing a feasible distribution network scheduling solution.
Journal Article
An Analysis of the Potential of Hydrogen Energy Technology on Demand Side Based on a Carbon Tax: A Case Study in Japan
Hydrogen energy is considered one of the main measures of zero carbonization in energy systems, but high equipment and hydrogen costs hinder the development of hydrogen energy technology. The objectives of this study are to quantify the environmental advantages of hydrogen energy through a carbon tax and study the application potential of hydrogen energy technology in a regional distributed energy system (RDES). In this study, various building types in the smart community covered by Japan’s first hydrogen energy pipeline are used as an example. First, ten buildings of five types are selected as the research objectives. Subsequently, two comparative system models of a regional distributed hydrogen energy system (RDHES) and an RDES were established. Then, by studying the optimal RDHES and RDES configuration and combining the prediction of future downward trends of fuel cell (FC) costs and energy carbon emissions, the application effect of FC and hydrogen storage (HS) technologies on the demand side was analyzed. Finally, the adaptability of the demand-side hydrogen energy system was studied by analyzing the load characteristics of different types of buildings. The results show that, when the FC price is reduced to 1.5 times that of the internal combustion engine (ICE), the existing carbon tax system can sufficiently support the RDHES in gaining economic advantages in some regions. Notably, when the carbon emissions of the urban energy system are reduced, the RDHES demonstrates stronger anti-risk ability and has greater suitability for promotion in museums and shopping malls. The conclusions obtained in this study provide quantitative support for hydrogen energy promotion policies on the regional demand side and serve as a theoretical reference for the design and adaptability research of RDHESs.
Journal Article
Operational Resilience of Nuclear-Renewable Integrated-Energy Microgrids
The increasing prevalence and severity of wildfires, severe storms, and cyberattacks is driving the introduction of numerous microgrids to improve resilience locally. While distributed energy resources (DERs), such as small-scale wind and solar photovoltaics with storage, will be major components in future microgrids, today, the majority of microgrids are backed up with fossil-fuel-based generators. Small modular reactors (SMRs) can form synergistic mix with DERs due to their ability to provide baseload and flexible power. The heat produced by SMRs can also fulfill the heating needs of microgrid consumers. This paper discusses an operational scheme based on distributed control of flexible power assets to strengthen the operational resilience of SMR-DER integrated-energy microgrids. A framework is developed to assess the operational resilience of SMR-DER microgrids in terms of system adaptive real-power capacity quantified as a response area metric (RAM). Month-long simulation results are shown with a microgrid developed in a modified Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)-30 bus system. The RAM values calculated along the operational simulation reflect the system resilience in real time and can be used to supervise the microgrid operation and reactor’s autonomous control.
Journal Article
Resilience-oriented intentional islanding of reconfigurable distribution power systems
Participation of distributed energy resources in the load restoration procedure, known as intentional islanding, can significantly improve the distribution system reliability. Distribution system reconfiguration can effectively alter islanding procedure and thus provide an opportunity to supply more demanded energy and reduce distribution system losses. In addition, high-impact events such as hurricanes and earthquake may complicate the procedure of load restoration, due to disconnection of the distribution system from the upstream grid or concurrent component outages. This paper presents a two-level method for intentional islanding of a reconfigurable distribution system, considering high impact events. In the first level, optimal islands are selected according to the graph model of the distribution system. In the second level, an optimal power flow (OPF) problem is solved to meet the operation constraints of the islands by reactive power control and demand side management. The proposed problem in the first level is solved by a combination of depth first search and particle swarm optimization methods. The OPF problem in the second level is solved in DIgSILENT software. The proposed method is implemented in the IEEE 69-bus test system, and the results show the validity and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Journal Article
EVALUATION OF DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCE INTERCONNECTION CODES AND GRID ANCILLARY SERVICES OF PHOTOVOLTAIC INVERTERS: A CASE STUDY ON DUBAI SOLAR PROGRAMME
This paper evaluates the technical aspects of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems and distributed energy resources (DERs) interconnection grid codes. The advanced functions of smart PV inverters and smart grid solutions are discussed as well as the gaps of the existing grid codes that hinder DER ancillary services. An online survey targeted the key stakeholders and industry experts have been conducted to investigate advanced inverters potential of providing DER ancillary services to distribution grids. The survey results are discussed in details and recommendations for the reactive power support of DER inverters and DER interconnection codes enhancements are presented.
Journal Article
Land Use as a Crucial Resource for Smart Grids—The ‘Common Good’ of Renewables in Distributed Energy Systems
The energy transition involves transforming electricity supply systems. Smart grids are resilient, polycentric systems consisting of integrated, self-governed Microgrids including distributed energy systems (DES). Renewable energy requires high numbers and a huge variety of infrastructures, requiring large amounts of spaces, including land. Renewable energy flows and land are natural resources. This analysis applies Ostrom’s common pool resources (CPR) theory on the sustainable use of ecosystems and natural resources to explore DES as a “common good” with spaces and land as crucial scarce resources. Currently, electricity grids are monocultures with highly centralized and hierarchical governance structures, where the juxtaposition of electricity as public and private good is considered self-evident. The emergence of DES in smart Microgrids is disrupting these monocultures, which is one aspect of the full transformation from current centralized grids towards resilient, integrated Microgrids based on variety and adaptive capacity. The other component of the transformation concerns the essential resource of space. As land and other spaces, such as rooftops, are subject to diverse property regimes, CPR is also applicable for analyzing the required changes in property rights and land-use decision-making. Such changes are necessary to make sufficient space available for the infrastructures of community Microgrids.
Journal Article
Enhancing Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: A Techno-Economic Analysis of Distributed Energy Resources and Local Grid Integration
The electric vehicle (EV) industry has emerged in response to the necessity of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change. However, as the number of EVs increases, EV charging networks are confronted with considerable obstacles pertaining to accessibility, charging time, and the equilibrium between electricity demand and supply. In this paper, we present a techno-economic analysis of EV charging stations (EVCSs) by building type. This analysis is based on public EVCS data and considers both standalone local grid operation and integrated operation of distributed energy resources (DERs) and the local grid. The analysis has significant implications for the management of the electricity grid and the utilization of sustainable energy, and can result in economic benefits for both residential, commercial, and public buildings. The analysis indicates that integrating DERs with the local grid at EV charging stations can reduce local grid usage relative to EV demand. Nevertheless, there are also complexities, such as initial investment and maintenance costs, especially the weather-dependent performance variability of solar, which require financial support mechanisms, such as subsidies or tax incentives. Future research should focus on different DER integrations, regional and seasonal variability, user behavior, installation location, policy and regulatory impacts, and detailed capital expenditure analysis. Such research will advance DER and EVCS integration and contribute to increasing the efficiency and sustainability of urban energy systems.
Journal Article