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Rural Africa's low level of electrification is a topic of much discussion. One widely cited estimate is that only fourteen percent of rural households in Sub- Saharan Africa have access to electricity (2012). As a first step to improving access, most governments in the region have developed national electrification strategies. Virtually every one of those strategies recommends a two-track approach to providing greater access to grid-based electrification. Although there is widespread agreement on the need for a two-track approach, most national electrification strategies contain few, if any, details on how the two tracks should be implemented. This guide focuses on the regulatory and policy decisions that African electricity regulators and policy makers must make to create a sustainable decentralized track and how the decentralized track can complement the traditional centralized track.
eBook
Protection in DC microgrids: a comparative review
A direct current (DC) microgrid has become a superior power system in recent years due to the development of DC loads and higher efficiency of DC systems. One of the challenging problems on DC microgrids operation is protection, and it is still a particular concern associated with the challenges of developing a proper protection scheme owing to its characteristics and lack of standards in DC protection. Due to the significant increasing interest on DC microgrid; this study investigates protection problems and schemes that need to be addressed in modern power systems involving DC microgrids. This study analyses and presents a comprehensive review of the most recent growth in the DC microgrids protection. Additionally, the fault characteristics of DC microgrids, the impact of constant power loads, the protection devices and several proposed methods to overcome the protection problems are discussed. The differences between the proposed protection methods for the DC microgrids are also discussed.
Journal Article
Optimal DG integration and network reconfiguration in microgrid system with realistic time varying load model using hybrid optimisation
The potential availability of renewable energy sources is unquestionable and the government is setting steep targets for renewable energy usage. Renewable‐based DGs, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, mitigate global climate change, ensure energy security, and reduce emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. This study addresses microgrid system analysis with hybrid energy sources and reconfiguration simultaneously for efficient operation of the system. Microgrid zones are formulated categorically with the existing distribution system. In this study, wind, solar and small hydro‐based DGs are considered. Uncertainties of renewable power generation and load are also taken care in the optimization problem. A multi‐objective optimisation method proposed in this paper for optimal integration of renewable‐based DGs and reconfiguration of the network to minimise power loss and maximise annual cost savings. Optimal location and sizes of DG units are determined using gravitational search algorithm and general algebraic modelling system respectively. Optimal reconfiguration of the microgrid system is obtained using genetic algorithm. Simulation results are obtained for the IEEE 33‐bus system and compared with existing methods as available in the literature. Furthermore, this study has been carried out with a 24‐hr time‐varying distribution system. The simulation results show the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed technique.
Journal Article
Comprehensive review of IDMs in DG systems
Distributed generation (DG) offers solution to the ever increasing energy needs by generating energy at the consumer end, in most cases, by means of renewable energy sources. Islanding detection is an important aspect of interconnecting a DG to the utility. This study presents comprehensive review of various islanding detection techniques along with their relative advantages and disadvantages. A broad classification of islanding detection methods (IDMs) is laid out as classical methods, signal processing (SP)‐based methods, and computational intelligence‐based methods with a focus on SP‐based methods and computational intelligence‐based methods. The evolution of SP techniques used for islanding detection is presented along with the merits and shortcomings of each technique. Furthermore, the advent of computational intelligence methods based IDMs are discussed along with their merits and demerits. An insight into various islanding methods based on quantitative measures of performance indices such as detection time, detection accuracy, and efficiency are tabulated and presented. Finally, the prospective direction of research for IDMs is also presented.
Journal Article
Smart energy coordination of autonomous residential home
The smart grid technology permits the revolution of the electrical system from a conventional power grid to an intelligent power network which has led the improvements in electrical system in terms of energy efficiency and sustainable energy integration. This study presents the energy management/coordination scheme for domestic demand using the key strategy of smart grid energy efficiency modelling. The structure consists of combining renewable energy resources, photovoltaic (PV) and wind power generation connected to the utility grid with energy storage system (ESS) in an optimal control manner to coordinate the power flow of a residential home. Based on the demand response schemes in the framework of real‐time electricity pricing, this work designs a closed‐loop optimal control strategy that is created by the dynamic model of the ESS to compute the system performance index, which is formulated by the cost of the energy flows. A dynamic distributed energy storage strategy (DDESS) is implemented to optimally coordinate the energy system, which reduces the total energy consumption from the main grid of more than 100% of the load demand. The designed model introduces a payback scheme while robustly optimising the energy flows and minimising the utility grid's energy consumption cost.
Journal Article
Appropriate Volt–Var Curve Settings for PV Inverters Based on Distribution Network Characteristics Using Match Rate of Operating Point
This paper describes the process of setting up an appropriate volt–var curve for the reactive power control of a photovoltaic (PV) inverter interconnected to a distribution line that is voltage controlled by a load ratio control transformer (LRT). Computer simulations with 360 patterns of volt–var curves applied to five actual distribution line models are presented. The number of patterns was narrowed down to 23 by using voltage, distribution-line loss, number of LRT tap operations, and a new evaluation index, the match ratio. When a power-factor constraint is imposed on the PV inverter, it may not output the reactive power according to the volt–var curve depending on the active power output. The match rate is an index to show the percentage of the operating points of the PV inverter that conform with the volt–var curve. By evaluating the match rate, it can be demonstrated if the PV inverter efficiently contributes to the voltage control, which greatly contributes to narrowing of the volt–var curve. It is demonstrated that the volt–var curve obtained using the proposed method is superior in terms of voltage controllability, distribution line losses, and the number of LRT tap controls.
Journal Article