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HighlightsElectric double-layer regulation enabled by an ultrathin multifunctional solid electrolyte interphase layer with zincophilicity and rapid transport kinetics.Lowered potential drop over the Helmholtz layer and suppressed diffuse layer.Inhibited side reactions and uniform zinc deposition.The practical application of aqueous zinc-ion batteries for large-grid scale systems is still hindered by uncontrolled zinc dendrite and side reactions. Regulating the electrical double layer via the electrode/electrolyte interface layer is an effective strategy to improve the stability of Zn anodes. Herein, we report an ultrathin zincophilic ZnS layer as a model regulator. At a given cycling current, the cell with Zn@ZnS electrode displays a lower potential drop over the Helmholtz layer (stern layer) and a suppressed diffuse layer, indicating the regulated charge distribution and decreased electric double layer repulsion force. Boosted zinc adsorption sites are also expected as proved by the enhanced electric double-layer capacitance. Consequently, the symmetric cell with the ZnS protection layer can stably cycle for around 3,000 h at 1 mA cm−2 with a lower overpotential of 25 mV. When coupled with an I2/AC cathode, the cell demonstrates a high rate performance of 160 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and long cycling stability of over 10,000 cycles at 10 A g−1. The Zn||MnO2 also sustains both high capacity and long cycling stability of 130 mAh g−1 after 1,200 cycles at 0.5 A g−1.

The electric double layer (EDL) is the most important region for electrochemical and heterogeneous catalysis. Because of it, its modeling and investigation are something that can be found in the literature for a long time. However, nowadays, it is still a hot topic of investigation, mainly because of the improvement in simulation and experimental techniques. The present review aims to present the classical models for the EDL, as well as presenting how this region affects electrochemical data in everyday experimentation, how to obtain and interpret information about EDL, and, finally, how to obtain some molecular point of view insights on it.

HighlightsNegative charged acidic polarity (NCAP) has been unveiled as the guideline for selecting additives to regulate electric double layer (EDL) for Zn-ion batteries.NCAP glutamate has been verified to regulate EDL structure with synergetic effects, including preferential adsorption on Zn anode and reconstruction of hydrated Zn-ion clusters.Adding NCAP additives, Zn|Cu half-cell achieves a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.83% for 2000 cycles, and NH4V4O10|Zn full cell realizes a high-capacity retention of 82.1% for 3000 cycles.Zinc-ion batteries are promising for large-scale electrochemical energy storage systems, which still suffer from interfacial issues, e.g., hydrogen evolution side reaction (HER), self-corrosion, and uncontrollable dendritic Zn electrodeposition. Although the regulation of electric double layer (EDL) has been verified for interfacial issues, the principle to select the additive as the regulator is still misted. Here, several typical amino acids with different characteristics were examined to reveal the interfacial behaviors in regulated EDL on the Zn anode. Negative charged acidic polarity (NCAP) has been unveiled as the guideline for selecting additive to reconstruct EDL with an inner zincophilic H2O-poor layer and to replace H2O molecules of hydrated Zn2+ with NCAP glutamate. Taking the synergistic effects of EDL regulation, the uncontrollable interface is significantly stabilized from the suppressed HER and anti-self-corrosion with uniform electrodeposition. Consequently, by adding NCAP glutamate, a high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.83% of Zn metal is achieved in Zn|Cu asymmetrical cell for over 2000 cycles, and NH4V4O10|Zn full cell exhibits a high-capacity retention of 82.1% after 3000 cycles at 2 A g−1. Recapitulating, the NCAP principle posted here can quicken the design of trailblazing electrolyte additives for aqueous Zn-based electrochemical energy storage systems.

This study evaluated the effects of double-layer interrupted sutures (DIS) and double-layer continuous sutures (DCS) on uterine blood flow and residual myometrial thickness (RMT) in cynomolgus monkeys after cesarean section (CS). In DIS (  = 8) and DCS (  = 8) groups, uterine blood flow was assessed at 6 months post-CS using MRI by Ktrans. RMT was measured by T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 6 months. Laparoscopic evaluations were performed at 2 and 6 months. At 6 months, Ktrans was significantly higher in the DIS group 6. RMT at the suture site did not differ significantly between groups. Adhesions were observed in three DIS and two DCS animals. Nonadhesive DIS animals had significantly higher Ktrans and greater RMT at 6 months compared with adhesive DIS animals. Nonadhesive DIS exhibited significantly higher Ktrans and greater RMT at 6 months than nonadhesive DCS. While overall differences were limited, exploratory findings indicate that DIS demonstrated superior uterine blood flow compared with DCS. Nonadhesive DIS animals exhibited greater RMT than adhesive DIS animals, suggesting a potential benefit of adhesion prevention.

Electrical double layer （EDL） capacitors based on recently emergent graphene materials have shown several folds performance improvement compared to conventional porous carbon materials, driving a wave of technology breakthrough in portable and renewable energy storage. Accordingly, much interest has been generated to pursue a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental yet elusive double layer structure at file electrode~electrolyte interface. In this paper, we carried out comprehensive molecular dynamics simulations to obtain a com- prehensive picture of how ion type, solvent properties, and charging conditions affect the EDL structure at the graphene electrode surface, and thereby its contribution to capacitance. We show that different symmetrical monovalent aqueous electrolytes M~X- （M~ = Na~, K~, Rb＋, and Cs＋; X- = F-, CI-, and I ） indeed have distinctive EDL structures. Larger ions, such as, Rb＊, Cs＊, C1, and I, undergo partial dehydration and penetrate through the first water layer next to the graphene electrode surfaces under charging. As such, the electrical potential distribution through the EDL strongly depends on the ion type. Interestingly, we further reveal that the water can play a critical role in determining the capacitance value. The change of dielectric constant of water in different electrolytes largely cancels out the variance in electric potential drop across the EDL of different ion type. Our simulation sheds new lights on how the interplay between solvent molecules and EDL structure cooperatively contributes to capacitance, which agrees with our experimental results well.

This book bridges three different fields: nanoscience, bioscience, and environmental sciences. It starts with fundamental electrostatics at interfaces and includes a detailed description of fundamental theories dealing with electrical double layers around a charged particle, electrokinetics, and electrical double layer interaction between charged particles. The stated fundamentals are provided as the underpinnings of sections two, three, and four, which address electrokinetic phenomena that occur in nanoscience, bioscience, and environmental science. Applications in nanomaterials, fuel cells, electronic materials, biomaterials, stems cells, microbiology, water purificiaion, and humic substances are discussed.

The electrical double layer describes charge and potential distributions that form at the interface between electrolyte solutions and the surface of an object, and they play a fundamental role in chemical and electrochemical behaviour. Colloid science, electrochemistry, material science, and biology are a few examples where such interfaces play a crucial role. The focus of this book is on the application of modern liquid state theories to the properties of electric double layers, where it demonstrates the ability of statistical mechanical approaches, such as the classical density functional theory, to provide insights and details that will enable a better and more quantitative understanding of electric double layers. The book will be essential reading for advanced students and researchers in interfacial science and its numerous applications.

A deeper understanding of electrified solid/liquid interfaces of polycrystalline materials is crucial for optimizing energy conversion and storage devices, such as fuel cells, electrolyzers, and supercapacitors. After more than a century of research, the double‐layer capacitance (CDL) has proven to be one of the few relatively easily experimentally accessible quantitative measures for characterizing such interfaces. However, despite their great importance, systematic CDL measurements are still not frequently associated with other interfacial properties. This work investigates the effect of the electrolyte pH on the CDL for polycrystalline platinum (Pt(pc)) and gold (Au(pc)) electrodes using cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy in acidic solutions with a pH ranging from 0 to 2 without adding any supporting electrolyte. Interestingly, under these conditions, the CDL for the Pt(pc) electrode increases with increasing electrolyte pH, while the CDL for the Au(pc) electrode shows the opposite trend. The increasing trend for Pt(pc) cannot be quantitatively described by the classical Stern model due to the stronger adsorption phenomenon on Pt surfaces. Moreover, positive linear trends with pH were found for the potentials of minimum CDL values and the potentials of maximum entropy for both electrodes, which closely correlate with reaction activities. However, the transition potentials of the constant phase element exponent (an element commonly used to approximate the behavior of the double layer in experiments) are only observed for the Pt electrode due to the phase transitions within the hydrogen adsorption/desorption and double‐layer regions. These findings pose an important step toward revealing the interplay between essential interfacial parameters, which is crucial for a complete understanding of the electrical double layer. The electrical double‐layer capacitance of polycrystalline gold and platinum electrodes is explored with respect to its electrolyte pH dependence in acidic media. Opposite trends with pH are observed due to a stronger affinity of platinum to adsorb ions, causing a 2D phase transition. Finally, essential double‐layer parameters are combined and compared for a complete description of the electrical double layer.

Supercapacitors are a new brand of high‐performance nanoengineered devices that match the high capacity of batteries for electric energy storage with the ability of dry capacitors for ultra‐fast charging or discharging rates. Thus, supercapacitors are capable of simultaneously providing the high energy‐density and high power‐density, demanded in a plethora of biosensors and portable electronic devices. In this review, a variety of nanomaterials investigated for possible applications in novel supercapacitors have been evaluated including different carbon nanoforms, metal oxides or hydroxides, chalcogenides, carbides and phosphates, as well as organic redox species, conductive polymers, metal‐organic frameworks, MXenes and others. Different strategies for boosting volumetric capacitance, power density and charge or discharge cycling stability of micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) designed from these materials have been reviewed and their application potential assessed. Special attention has been given to micro‐supercapacitor's designs that are suitable for miniaturization and integration with flexible microcircuits for wearable and implantable biomedical devices, remotely rechargeable sensors, microprocessor‐controlled data processing chips, biomorphic computing, smart phone communication, military, automotive applications and emerging technologies. The different strategies applied for MSCs design and fabrication, including femto‐laser writing, photolithography, screen printing, stamping, inkjet printing, mask patterning and others, have been assessed. The exciting future perspectives of MSCs have been discussed. Novel nanoengineered flexible electrochemical supercapacitors can fulfill the new demanding requirements of energy storage devices by combining the ultra‐high energy density storage with super‐fast charging/discharging capabilities. Recent discoveries of new nanomaterials and nanotechnology used for the development of micro‐supercapacitors for wearable and implantable medical devices are reviewed.

The growing demand for portable electronic devices means that lightweight power sources are increasingly sought after. Electric double layer capacitors （EDLCs） are promising candidates for use in lightweight power sources due to their high power densities and outstanding charge/discharge cycling stabilities. Three-dimensional （3D） self-supporting carbon-based materials have been extensively studied for use in lightweight EDLCs. Yet, a major challenge for 3D carbon electrodes is the limited ion diffusion rate in their internal spaces. To address this limitation, hierarchically porous 3D structures that provide additional channels for internal ion diffusion have been proposed. Herein, we report a new chemical method for the synthesis of an ultralight （9.92 mg/cm3） 3D porous carbon foam （PCF） involving carbonization of a glutaraldehyde- cross-linked chitosan aerogel in the presence of potassium carbonate. Electron microscopy images reveal that the carbon foam is an interconnected network of carbon sheets containing uniformly dispersed macropores. In addition, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurements confirm the hierarchically porous structure. Electrochemical data show that the PCF electrode can achieve an outstanding gravimetric capacitance of 246.5 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g, and a remarkable capacity retention of 67.5% was observed when the current density was increased from 0.5 to 100A/g. A quasi-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor was fabricated via assembly of two pieces of the new PCF and was found to deliver an ultra-high power density of 25 kW/kg at an energy density of 2.8 Wh/kg. This study demonstrates the synthesis of an ultralight and hierarchically porous carbon foam with high capacitive performance.